（翻译unit3part1）Characteristicsofscience
1 Science, in our common everyday n of the word, is a human activity characterized by three things
在我们⽇常的⽇常意义上，科学是⼀种⼈类活动，具有三件事
2 First, science is practiced by special people with a specific view of the world. Scientists try to be objective, unntimental and unemotional. They do not let their feelings get in the way of their obrvations of real things, facts, as they call them. They often work in laboratories or in other areas where they can carefully control what they are working on. They do not just wander out onto the dock at sunt and look at the world with wonder, as a poet might. Ideally, they are also both honest and humble. They always try to report their findings so others can check them out and then utilize them in their own work. They
do not claim more than they can prove, and often even less. But they are very proud of their calling and prefer to talk to
other scientists rather than anybody el especially poets, who tend to make them feel uncomfortable, to put them down. (Of cour poets also feel scientists return the favor.)
⾸先，科学是由具有特定世界观的特殊⼈⼠实践的。科学家们努⼒做到客观，朴实和情感。他们不会让⾃⼰的感觉成为对真实事物，事实的观察的阻碍。他们经常在实验室或其他可以仔细控制其⼯作内容的领域⼯作。他们不仅像⽇落诗⼈那样在⽇落时徘徊在码头上，并以奇异的眼光看待世界。理想情况下，他们既诚实⼜谦虚。他们总是试图报告他们的发现，以便其他⼈可以检查出来，然后在⾃⼰的⼯作中加以利⽤。他们不要声称他们能证明的更多，甚⾄更少。但是他们为⾃⼰的号召感到骄傲，并愿意与其他科学家交谈，⽽不是与其他任何⼈交谈，尤其是诗⼈，他们往往会使他们感到不舒服，从⽽使他们失望。（当然，诗⼈也感到科学家们回了宠。）
3 Second, science deals almost exclusively with things, not ideas or feelings, and with the external world and its workings, not inner states and their workings despite the effort of some psychologists to be or em scientific. The human body is considered to be a part of the external world; the soul is not. Therefore, scientists work to understand the body but not the soul. Most scientists doubt the soul exists.The solar system and the univer are also part of the external world, although we have little enough direct evidence of their mode of existence. Scientists tend to assume the basic conditions of nature on Earth are the same everywhere in the cosmos.
其次，尽管有些⼼理学家努⼒做到科学或看起来是科学的，但科学⼏乎只处理事物，⽽不是观念或情感，⽽不是处理外部世界及其运作，⽽不是内部状态及其运作。⼈体被认为是外部世界的⼀部分；灵
魂不是。因此，科学家致⼒于了解⾝体⽽⾮灵魂。⼤多数科学家怀疑灵魂的存在，尽管我们⼏乎没有⾜够的直接证据证明它们的存在⽅式，但太阳系和宇宙也是外部世界的⼀部分。科学家倾向于假设地球上⾃然界的基本条件在宇宙中的每个地⽅都是相同的。
4 Mankind is only questionably part of the external world in this n. Scientists are generally reluctant to deal with the behavior of large groups of men and women. Thus economists, for example, struggle to be considered scientists, but usually
in vain. The external world of scientists contains some things, like quanta, quarks and quasars, that are as mysterious as angels and normally as invisible. But this does not trouble them, as they believe they can deal effectively with the elementary particles that they cannot e and according to the uncertainty principle never can e, but not with angels, which will
probably never appear to scientists becau scientists do not believe in them.
感悟女人从这个意义上讲，⼈类仅是外部世界的⼀部分。科学家通常不愿处理⼤批男⼥的⾏为。因此，例如，经济学家很难被视为科学家，但通常都是徒劳的。科学家的外部世界包含⼀些东西，例如量⼦，夸克和类星体，它们像天使⼀样神秘，通常不可见。但这并不会给他们带来⿇烦，因为他们相信他们可以有效地处理他们看不见的基本粒⼦，并且根据不确定性原理永远也看不见，但是天使则不会，因为科
学家们不相信它们，所以天使可能永远不会出现。他们。
5 When you come right down to it, the external world is anything that scientists can measure and describe in mathematical terms, and it excludes everything they cannot. This means the external world is a rather hazy notion, but the idea behind it is not hazy at all.
当您深⼊到它时，外部世界就是科学家可以⽤数学术语衡量和描述的任何事物，并且它排除了他们⽆法做到的⼀切。这意味着外部世界是⼀个相当朦胧的概念，但是其背后的想法根本不是朦胧的。
枸杞子的功效和作用6 Third, science deals with whatever it deals with in a special way, employing special methods and a language for reporting results that is unique to it. The best-known method, but not necessarily the most often employed, consists of experiment,
which involves getting an idea -from where, most scientists do not question-framing it in a testable hypothesis and then testing the hypothesis in a controlled environment to find out whether or not it is valid. The environment must be carefull controlled so that extraneous elements do not intrude to invalidate the experiment, and so that others can repeat the experiment in the hope of arriving at the same result, which is the best evidence of its reliability.
第三，科学以特殊的⽅式处理所处理的⼀切，采⽤特殊的⽅法和语⾔来报告独特的结果。最有名的⽅法（但不⼀定是最常⽤的⽅法）由实验组成，它涉及获得⼀个想法-⼤多数科学家从那⾥开始不以可检验的假设质疑框架，然后在受控环境中检验该假设以发现确认它是否有效。必须⼩⼼控制环境，以免⼲扰⽆关的元素⽽使实验⽆效，以便其他⼈可以重复实验以期获得相同的结果，这是其可靠性的最好证明。
7 But it is the language in which results are reported and in which the work itlf is done and with which it is controlled namely,mathecs-that is perhaps the most distinctive characterist of all Most scientsts would say hat you are doing in mathematical terms, you are at if you cannot describe not doing science, and they prefer to report their results in mathematical terms becau doing so is much easier and quicker (for them) and becau scientists all around the world can understand them.
但这是报告结果，完成⼯作本⾝以及控制⼯作的语⾔，即数学-这也许是所有科学家中最有特⾊的特征。⼤多数科学家都会说，您正在⽤数学术语来形容，如果您⽆法描述不从事科学⼯作，那么您就会处于这种状态，并且他们更喜欢⽤数学术语报告他们的结果，因为这样做（对于他们⽽⾔）更加容易，快捷，⽽且全世界的科学家都可以理解。
电磁炉工作原理
8 It is also important that the work itlf is done mathematically, which means that the obrvations being studied must be transformed into -or reduced to-numbers in the first instance, so they can be studied in a rational manner. The old idea of the earliest Greek scientists- the world esntially intelligible becau it is somehow conformed to the human mind-is thus conyeted into the Pythagorean view that the world, at least the external worla that is the subject matter of science is esntially mathematical and thus intelligible becau the human mind is esntially mathematical, too.
同样重要的是，⼯作本⾝必须以数学⽅式完成，这意味着要研究的观测值必须⾸先转换为-或减少为数量，以便可以进⾏合理的研究。因此，最早的希腊科学家的古⽼想法-世界本质上是可理解的，因为它某种程度上符合⼈类的思想-因此被毕达哥拉斯认为，世界，⾄少作为科学主题的外部世界本质上是数学上的，之所以可以理解，是因为⼈类的思想本质上也是数学的。
漂浮岛
9 Wherever mankind has been able to measure things, which means to transform or reduce them to numbers, it has indeed made great progress both in understanding and in controlling them. Where human beings have failed to find a way to measure, they have been much less successful, which partly explains the relative failure of psychology, economics and literary criticism to acquire the status of science.
不合群怎么办⽆论⼈类在哪⾥能够测量事物，这意味着将事物转化或简化为数字，它的确在理解和控制事物⽅⾯取得了长⾜的进步。在⼈类找不到测量⽅法的地⽅，他们的成功要差得多，这在⼀定程度上解释了⼼理学，经济学和⽂学批评在获得科学地位⽅⾯的相对失败。
10 Science was the major discovery, or invention, of the1 7th7 century. Men of that time learned and it was very great revolutionary discovery -how to measure, explain and manipulate natural phenomena in the way that today we call scientific. Since the 17th century Science has progresd a great deal and has discovered many truths, and conferred many benefits, that the 17th century did not know. But it has not found a new way to discover natural truths. For this reason, the 17th century is possibly the most important century in human history. It instituted irrevocable change in the way human beings live on Earth.We can never go back to living the way we live in the Renaissance, for instance.We can only wonder whether the change was in all ways for the better.
科学是7-7世纪的主要发现或发明。那个时代的⼈学会了，这是⾮常伟⼤的⾰命性发现-如何以今天我们称为科学的⽅式来测量，解释和操纵⾃然现象。⾃17世纪以来，科学取得了长⾜的进步，发现了17世纪所不知道的许多真理，并带来了许多好处。但是它还没有找到发现⾃然真理的新⽅法。因此，17世纪可能是⼈类历史上最重要的世纪。它在⼈类在地球上的⽣活⽅式上建⽴了不可挽回的变化，例如，我们永远⽆法回到⽂艺复兴时期的⽣活⽅式，我们只能怀疑这种变化是否在所有⽅⾯都变得更好
了。
Source: Charles Van Doren, "Characteristics of science, "A History of Knowledge Past, Prent, and Future. Ballantine Books, 1992.
资料来源：查尔斯·范·多伦（Charles Van Doren），“科学特征”，“过去，现在和未来的知识史”。Ballantine Books，1992年。
NOTES
女服务员英文单词
Charles Van Doren: American intellectual, writer and editor. He was an editor of the Encyclopedia Britannica for about 20 Charles Van Doren:
肉末蒸蛋的做法
years.
查尔斯·范·多伦（Charles Van Doren）：
查尔斯·范·多伦（Charles Van Doren）： 美国知识分⼦，作家和编辑。他担任《⼤英百科全书》的编辑⼤约20年。
Pythagorean: of the Greek philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras(毕达哥拉斯) who founded the Pythagorean
brotherhood that, although religious in nature, formulated principles that influenced the thought of Plato and Aristotle and contributed to the development of mathematics and Western rational philosophy the Renaissance: literally"rebirth," the period in European civilization immediately following the Middle of Ages, conventionally held to have been characterize by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. It started as a cultural movement in Italy and later spread to the rest of Europe.
毕达哥拉斯（Pythagorean）：属于毕达哥拉斯（Pythagoras）的希腊哲学家和数学家毕达哥拉斯（Pythagoras），虽然毕⽣信奉宗教，毕达哥拉斯（Pythagorean）
外出学习考察方案但制定了影响柏拉图和亚⾥斯多德思想并为数学和西⽅理性哲学的发展做出贡献的原则。⽂艺复兴：字⾯意义上的“重⽣”，即紧接中世纪之后的欧洲⽂明时期，通常认为其特征是对古典学习和价值观的兴趣激增。它始于意⼤利的⽂化运动，后来传播到欧洲其他地区。
