Civil Engineering
Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and wage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities esntial to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential u. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to hou lf-contained communities.
The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton ud the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been ud to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader .
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Scope.
Becau it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, wer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution, the project’s impact on local animal and plant life, and how the project can be designed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ea the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result from the completed project. Meanwhile, structural specialists u preliminary data to make detailed designs, plans, and specifications for the project. Supervising and coordinating the work of the civil engineer specialists, from beginning to end of the project, are the construction management specialists. Bad on information supplies by the other specialists, construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor, schedule all work, order materials and equipment for the job, hire contractors and subcontractors, and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified.
Throughout any given project, civil engineers make extensive 普密蓬义夫uof people and goods. They specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. Transportation engineers apply technological knowledge as well as consideration of the economic, political, and social factors in designing each project. They work cloly with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directly related to the quality of the transportation system. 三国演义摘抄好词好句
Pipeline engineering.
丢手绢游戏教案 In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gas, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water) and miliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gas. The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traver, the type of materials to be ud-steel, concrete, plastic, or combinations of various materials-installation techniques, methods for testing pipeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. When hazardous materials are being carried, safety is a major consideration as well.
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Construction engineering.
平安建设工作计划 Civil engineers in this field overe the construction of a project from beginning to end. Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including knowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, and operating construction projects. They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads and ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete; and workers who build the steel framework. The engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure.
Community and urban planning.
Tho engaged in this area of civil engineering may plan and develop community within a city, or entire cities. Such planning involves far more than engineering consideration; environmental, social, and economic factors in the u and development of land and natural resources are also key elements. The civil engineers coordinate planning of public works along with private development. They evaluate the kinds of facilities needed, including streets and highways, public transportation systems, airports, port facilities, water-supply and waste water-disposal systems, public buildings, parks, and recreational and other facilities to ensure social and economic as well as environmental well-being.
