第6章语言与认知
I. Multiple Choice
1. How does the top-down approach differ from the bottom-up approach in language processing?
A. Bottom-up processing is more effective than top-down processing in speech synthesis.
李元霸简介B. Bottom-up processing utilizes all information one has in speech perception.
C. Top-down processing us one’s existing knowledge and the incoming speech signal.
D. Top-down processing is more efficient than bottom-up processing in speech comprehension.
【答案】B
【解析】在语言处理加工过程中，有两种方法，即从一般到具体的自上而下的方法和从具体到一般的自下而上的方法。其中自下而上的方法会用到言语感知中的所有信息。
2. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a cond language usually obtained in school ttings.
A. Competence
B. Performance宝石公主
C. Learning
D. Acquisition
【答案】C
【解析】在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习”。
3. During language acquisition, children go through veral stages, during which stage they begin to have nsitivity to the phonetic distinctions ud in their parents’language.
韩愈主张
A. Holophrastic stage
B. Two word stage
C. Three word stage
婚假是几天D. Fluent grammatical conversation stage
【答案】A
【解析】孩子们的语言习得要经历三个阶段，单词句阶段，双词句阶段，以及三词句阶段。
在单词句阶段，孩子们会对其父母话语中的语音特征特别敏感。
4. ______ is the study of psychological aspect of language.
A. 1anguage acquisition
B. applied linguistics
C. psycholinguistics
D. pragmatics
可爱的男孩铁皮石斛的十大功效
【答案】A
【解析】语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的
过程。
5. ______ does not belong to Construal Operations.
A. Attention/Salience
B. Judgment/Comparison
C. metaphor and metonymy
抖颤
D. Perspective/Situatednesss
【答案】C
【解析】识解操作是人类语言处理过程中概念化的过程，或者说，识解操作是理解语言表达方式所使用的基本心理过程和来源。包括（1）注意力/突显；（2）判断/对比；（3）
视点/观察者位置。
6. In the following ntences, which is not a metonymy?
A. The sax has the flu today.
B. Watergate changed American politics.
C. Wall Street is in a panic.
D. She is the apple in her parents’eyes.
【答案】D
【解析】其他三句为转喻，D为暗语。
7. Which is not a type of iconicity?
A. Iconicity of distance
B. Iconicity of complexity
C. Iconicity of intimacy
D. Iconicity of order
【答案】C
【解析】象似性有距离象似性，复杂象似性以及顺序象似性。
II. True or Fal
1. Metonymy involves using the familiar to stand for the unfamiliar.
【答案】T
【解析】转喻是一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有紧密联系的词或词组替换的修辞方法。
2. The utterance meaning of the ntence varies with the context in which it is uttered.
【答案】T
星星之火的意思【解析】话语意义随着话语情境的变化而不同。
3. Language acquisition refers to the process involved in creating and expressing meaning through language.
【答案】F
【解析】语言产出是一个通过语言来表达意义的过程。
4. Structural metaphor means that human experiences with physical objects
provide the basis for ways of viewing events, activities, emotions, ideas, etc., as entities and substances.
【答案】F
【解析】实体隐喻是指人类以自身经验和生理实体为基础，把事件、行为、情感、思想等抽象概念转换为实体。
5. Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The members of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.
【答案】T
【解析】上位范畴是最具概括性的范畴，各成员没有足够的共性构成一个共同的完形。
III. Explain the following terms.
1. Language acquisition
Key: It refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situations.
2. Cognition
Key: Cognition is, in psychology, ud to refer to the mental process of an individual, with particula
r relation to a concept which argues that the mind has internal mental states (such as beliefs, desires and intentions) and can be understood as information processing, especially when much abstraction or
concretization is involved, or process such as involving knowledge, experti or learning for example are at work. Another definition of “cognition”is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.
3. cohort model
Key: The cohort model is a suppod doctrine dealing with the spoken word recognition postulated by Marslen-Wilson and Welsh in 1990. It is suggested that the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a t or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input. The candidates compete with one another for activation. As more acoustic input is analyzed, candidates that are no longer consistent with the input drop out of the t. This process continues until only one word candidate matches the input~ the best fitting word may be chon if no single candidate is a clear wi
nner.
4. The Innateness Hypothesis
Key: The innateness hypothesis was propod by Chomsky. It says that the ability to acquire a human language is part of the biologically innate equipment of the human being, and that an infant is born with this knowledge of basic grammatical relations and categories, and this knowledge is universal.
5. Construal and construal operations
