1.The referential theory (the naming theory)
2.Sign theory
3.The conceptualism
4.Contextualism
5.Behavorism
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Lexical meaning
银杏叶胶囊说明书
Sen and reference
Semantic field
Sen relations
Sen: is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form;
it is abstract and de-contextualized.
Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world;
it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
例子：1.If we say "The dog is barking", we must be talking about a certain dog existent in the situation; the word "dog" refers to a dog known to both the speaker and the hearer.This is the reference of the word "dog" in this particular situation.杨戬母亲
2. Linguistic forms having the same n may have different references in different situations. eg: “beauty”
On the other hand, there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in n. eg: morning star & evening star、
Semantic field
Semantic field refers to organization of related lexemes into a system which shows their relationship to one another.
If a lexeme is related with a number of other lexemes in that they all belong to a particular activity or area of specialist knowledge, then we may say they belong to the same mantic field.
eg. cup, mug, wine glass, plastic cup (vesls from which one drinks)
n relations
1.Sen relations between words(注意看例子)
Synonymy同义
Antonymy反义
Hyponymy上下义
Polymy多义
Homonymy同音异义
Meronymy
2.Sen relations between ntences
例子：Polymy：We eat what we can and we can what we cannot eat.
I saw a saw hanging on the wall.
Homonymy（看例子）
words having different meanings have the same form, i.e., different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. Homophones:
红棺材two words are identical in sound
rain/reign; night/knight
你那么美Homographs:
two words are identical in spelling
bow v./bow n. tear v./tear n.
Complete homonyms:
two words are identical in both sound and spelling
fast adj./fast v. scale n./scale v.
Meronymy（作补充拔高知识）
a part-whole relationship between lexical items.
reflects hierarchical classification in the lexicon.
One of the best examples is the human body with its various parts, their subparts, and so on.
Both Hyponymy and Meronymy concerns the idea of a hierarchy.
But they are different in the aspect of:
Meronymy can be expresd by the pattern “X is a part of Y”or “Y has X”;
Hyponymy can be expresd by the pattern “X is a kind of Y”. Sen relations between ntences
There are six n relations between ntences and also between constituents of the same ntence.
The following are major discussions of them in terms of truth condition.
X, Y stand for SENTENCE
X is a contradiction技能竞赛
X is mantically anomalous
X is synonymous with Y. X与Y同义
X is inconsistent with Y. X与Y不一致
X entails Y(Y is an entailment of X)
X presuppos Y (Y is a prerequisite of X)
1. X is a contradiction.
When X is a contradiction, it is invariably fal.
Her husband is a lonely bachelor.
2. X is mantically anomalous
When X is mantically anomalous, it is absurd in the n that it presuppo a contradiction. The table has bad intentions.
3. X is synonymous with Y
In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is true, and if X is fal, Y is fal.
4. X is inconsistent with Y
In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is fal, and if X is fal, Y is true.
X = He is married. Y= He is a bachelor.
5. X entails Y. (Y is an entailment of X.)
In terms of truth condition: if X is true, Y is necessarily true; If X is fal, Y may be true or fal.
a. John killed Bill.
b. Bill died.
6. X presuppos Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X.)
In terms of truth condition, If X is true, Y must be true; If X is fal, Y is still true.
a. Mary’s dog is barking.
煲仔饭酱油b. Mary has a dog.
Analysis of meaning
1.Componential analysis成分分析高河中学
2.Predication analysis述谓结构分析propod by G. Leech（补充拔高）
a way to analyze ntence meaning
The basic unit of the analysis is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a ntence.
A predication contains of argument(s) and predicate(s).
An argument is a logical participant in a prediction, largely identical
