属鸡和属鼠的合不合肌肉卫星细胞是骨骼肌中位于肌细胞膜和基膜之间的具有增殖分化潜力的肌源性细胞。它们在一般情况下是处于静息状态的，当被激活后，具有增殖分化、融合成肌管、再形成肌细胞的能力。在那里它们通过形成与肌肉纤维融合的先驱细胞来对损伤做出反应。有研究报告说，它们能充当干细胞，但卫星细胞群的混合性质意味着，它们的干细胞身份难以证明。 ”
“最新一期Nature刊登由美国斯坦福大学医学院的Sacco等人的研究结果：研究小组通过利用克隆分析证实卫星细胞的确是干细胞、能够自我更新，从而澄清了相关问题。他们将一个表达荧光素酶的卫星细胞移植进了小鼠的肌肉中，发现它能够大量增殖，有助于肌肉纤维的形成，而且可以被再次移植。因此断定肌肉卫星细胞也是一种干细胞。”
肌肉中肌肉卫星细胞非常多。我们在进行性肌营养不良的肌肉病变中很容易发现大量的由卫星细胞分化而来的再生细胞。然而，这些干细胞中缺乏、缺损某些膜蛋白基因。因此，即使发生再生，也只能再生膜功能缺损肌纤维，免不了肌纤维变性坏死的命运。
我们实验室的研究重点是，如何保护膜蛋白缺损的肌纤维，而不是通过基因治疗，如何根治肌营养不良。因为目前世界上哪一个实验室也做不到这一点，某些研究成果，即使在动物身上似乎有效，但人身上还是没有得到证实。
在肌肉修复功能
When muscle cells undergo injury, quiescent satellite cells are relead from beneath the 通过的同义词bament membrane .当肌肉细胞进行损伤，静止卫星细胞从基底膜下方的释放。 They become activated and re-enter the cell cycle .他们被激活，并重新进入细胞周期。 The dividing cells are known as the "transit amplifying pool" before undergoing myogenic differentiation to form new (post-mitotic) myotubes.这些分裂的细胞被称为“过境放大池”前接受生肌分化，形成新的肌管（有丝分裂后）。 There is also evidence suggesting that the cells are capable of fusing with existing myofibers to facilitate growth and repair.也有证据表明这些细胞能够与现有的肌纤维融合，促进生长和修复。
The process of muscle regeneration involves considerable remodeling of extracellular matrix and, where extensive damage occurs, is incomplete.肌肉再生的过程，涉及相当大的重塑细胞外基质，并发生了广泛的破坏，是不完整的的。 Fibroblasts within the muscle deposit scar tissue, which can impair muscle function, and is a significant part of the pathology of 婴儿感冒吃什么药muscular dystrophies .肌肉存款瘢痕组织成纤维细胞内，这可能削弱肌肉的功能，是一个的重要嫦娥的丈夫组成部分肌营养不良症的病理。
Satellite cells proliferate following muscle trauma (Seale, et al., 2003) and form new myofibers through a process similar to foetal muscle development (Parker, et al., 2003).卫星细胞增殖肌肉损伤（西尔，等，2003），并形成新的肌纤维，通过对胎儿肌肉的发育（帕克等人，2003年）的过程类似。 After veral cell divisions, the satellite cells begin to fu with the damaged myotubes and undergo further differentiations and maturation, with peripheral nuclei as in hallmark (Parker, et al., 2003).经过多次细胞分裂，卫星细胞开始与周边核保险丝损坏的肌管，并进行进一步的分化和成熟，作为标志（帕克等，2003）。 One of the first roles described for IGF-1 was its involvement in the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells. IGF - 1所描述的第一个角色之一是其在卫星细胞的增殖和分化的参与。 In addition, IGF-1 expression in skeletal muscle extends the capacity to activate satellite cell proliferation (Charkravarthy, et al., 2000), increasing and prolonging the beneficaleffects to the aging muscle.此外，骨骼肌中IGF - 1的表达能力扩展激活卫星细胞的增殖（Charkravarthy，等，2000），增加和延长beneficaleffects老化的肌肉。
可以挣钱的手游
Reviews in: Mourkioti and Ronthal (2005), Trends in Immunology, Vol 26, No. 10
评述：Mourkioti和Ronthal（2005），免疫学的发展趋势，第26卷，第1号 Hawke and Garry (2001), Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol 19, Page 534-551霍克和加里（2001），应用生理学杂志，19卷，第534-551
[ edit ] Plasticity and therapeutic applications可塑性和治疗中的应用 Upon minimal stimulation, satellite cells in vitro or in vivo will undergo a myogenic differentiation program.卫星细胞在体外或体内最小的刺激后，将经历一个生肌分化。
Unfortunately, it ems that transplanted satellite cells have a limited capacity for migration, and are only able to regenerate muscle in the region of the delivery site.不幸的是，似乎移植卫星细胞具有迁移的能力有限，并且只能够再生肌肉地区的交货地点。 As such systemic treatments or even the treatment of an entire muscle in this way is not possible.由于这种系统性的治疗，甚至以这种方式处理整个肌肉是不可能的。 However, other cells in the body such as pericytes and hematopoietic stem cells have all been shown to be able to contribute to muscle repair in a similar manner to the endogenous satellite cell.然而，如身体的其他细胞周细胞和造血干细胞都被证明能够以类似的方式，有助于肌肉修复的内源性卫星细胞。 The advantage of using the cell types for therapy in muscle dias is that they can be systemically delivered, autonomously migrating to the site of injury.使用这些类型的细胞，用于治疗肌肉疾病的好处是，他们可以系统的交付，自主迁移到损伤的部位。 Particularly successful recently has been the delivery of mesoangioblast cells into the Golden Retriever dog model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy , which effectively cured the dia [ 2 ] .七月十五中元节特别成功最近已经交付mesoangioblast进入细胞金毛寻回犬型杜氏肌营养不良症 ，从而有效地治愈疾病[2] 。 However, the sample size ud was relatively small and the study has since been criticized for a lack of appropriate controls for the u of immunosupressive drugs.然而，所使用的样本规模相对较小，而且研究已被批评为缺乏适当的控制免疫抑制药物的使用。 [ edit ] Regulation规例Little is known of the regulation of satellite cells.鲜为人知的是，卫星细胞的调控。 Whilst together PAX3 and PAX7 currently form the definitive satellite markers, Pax genes are notoriously poor transcriptional activators.虽然一起PAX3和PAX7目前形成了明确的卫星标记，大同基因转录激活是出了名的穷。 The dynamics of activation and quience and the induction of the myogenic program through the myogenic regulatory factors , Myf5 , MyoD , myogenin , and MRF4 remains to be determined.激活和quience通过诱导成肌调节因子 ，生肌方案， 动态 Myf5 ，MyoD的，肌细胞生成素， 和 MRF4仍飞来横祸的拼音
有待确定。 There is some rearch indicating that satellite cells are negatively regulated by a protein called myostatin .有一些研究表明，卫星细胞的肌肉生长抑制素是一种蛋白质称为负调控。 Incread levels of myostatin up-regulate a cyclin-dependent kina inhibitor called p21 and thereby induce the differentiation of satellite cells. [ 3 ] myostatin的水平提高，规范一个周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂，称为P21，从而诱发卫星细胞的分化。[手机壁纸可爱卡通 3]
