从关联视角对《老友记》中“well采购代理”的语用分析
摘要：本文以Diane Blakemore的关联理论方法为指导，选用自然语言的美国肥皂剧《老友记（第九季）》的剧本作为语料，对其中出现的420处作为话语标记语的“well”做了一定的归类和语用功能分析。这985排名420处语用“well”共体现出七大语用功能：思考缓延标记语（176）、缓和标记语（111）、连贯标记语（72）、话轮转换标记语（30）、信息短缺标记语（19）、劝诫标记语（8）和信息修正标记语（4）。本文着重分析前三项语用功能。
关键词：关联理论 《老友记》 话语标记语 手抄报内容大全语用功能
（一）关于话语标记语的研究
It is only in the last twenty years that rious interest has been shown in the study of discour markers. Discour markers are expressions such as tho in bold in the following utterances:
“a. A: I like him. B: So, you think you'll ask him out then.
b. John can't go. And Mary can't go either.
c. Will you go? Furthermore, will you reprent the class there?
d. Sue left very late. But she arrived on time.
e. I think it will fly. After all, we built it right.
f. What am I going to do now? Well...I really don't know.”
(Frar,1999:1)
话语标记语（Discour markers）在语言里涵盖的范畴较广，但是直到现在语言学界对它还没有一个非常清晰、科学的定义。有时话语标记语还被称为“discour particles” (Schourup,1985)，“discour markers”(Schiffrin,1987)，或者 “pragmatic markers”(Frar,1990)，而现今更多的是被称为 “expressions of procedural meaning ’’或者说“discour connectives/markers” (Blakemore,1992/2002)。而Watts 认为话语标记语是“an important tool by means of which interlocutors attempt to guide the process of interpretation and social involvement in verbal interaction”(Watts,1988)；并且，它们对于听者来说是非常重要的提示，或关联已接收到的话语意义或关联说话人即将要说出的话语
信息。
“well”是一个非常典型的话语标记语，在英语口语中使用频率较高。“Well has probably received more attention than any other English discour marker”( Schourup, 2001:1026).许多语言学者从不同角度对“well”进行了研究：譬如依据Schiffrin的连贯理论进行研究；从Frar句法-语用理论的视角进行研究；又或从Blakemore的关联理论出发进行的研究……而本文就是以Diane Blakemore的关联理论方法为指导，对《老友记（第九季）》的剧本中出现的420处作为话语标记语的“well”进行语用功能分析。
（二）关联理论
关联理论最初由法国的人类学家Dan Sperber 和英国语言学家Deirdre Wilson 提出Relevance: Communication and Cognition(1986/1995)，并对言语的语用功能同时从生理和心理的角度进行了研究。“The fundamental assumption of relevance theory is that human communication and cognition are governed by the arch for relevance. Utterances automatically create expectations of relevance, and the hearer’s goal is to find an interpretation that satisfies his expectation of relevance.”
关联理论的定义：“An assumption is relevant in a context if and only if it has some contextual effect in that context.”(Sperber&Wilson 1995:122) It not only depends on the effect produced by it but also on the effort required to process it.
“Extent Condition 1:an assumption is relevant in a context to the extent at its contextual effects in this context are large.
Extent Condition 2:an assumption is relevant in a context to the extent at the effort required to process it in this context is small.” (Sperber&Wilson,1995:125)
关联理论的原则：“(1)Human cognition tends to be geared to the maximization of
relevance. (2)Every act of ostensive communication communicates a presumption
of its own optimal relevance.”(Sperber&Wilson,1995:260)
关联理论是一个相对较新的概念，对这一理论的评价历来褒贬不一，有支持者也有批评者。Blakemore(1987,1992,2002)、Jucker(1993, 1998)以及Ran Yongping(2000,2002)等
人是极为支持这一理论的，并且在自己的研究中不断深化和发展这个理论。当然也会有不认可这一理论的，比如Giora(1997)、Jiang Wangqi (2001,2002)等人。但是理论既然出现，就必然有其存在的价值。因此本文就从Blakemore的关联理论研究的基础上，对《老友记（第九季）》中的“well”进行语用分析。
（三）《老友记》中的“well”语用分析
作为话语标记语的“well”非常有个性，它既有通常话语标记语的一些特征，诸如non-truth conditionality and connectivity、on the other hand等，又有自己的独特之处，譬如它不会出现在句末；它常常作为说话者“前言”和“后语”的关联词……“It is one of the more complex discour markers in that it never occurs as a right-hand discour bracket(Watts,1988:249)……This important little word puts the speaker into a conversation at points where some guidance is needed for the hearer as to how to interpret what is to come, and relate it to what has gone before.” “well”在日常的交际对话中有许多的功能，而本文所研究的对象《老友记（第九季）》中，只出现了七大语用功能。
《老友记（第九季）》中共出现447处“田园诗情well”，其中27处为实词，其余420(93.9%)处均为话语标记语。语料中的这420个“well”有31.0%(n=130)是后面直接跟人称代词的(64 well I’m/I’ve；21 well you；15 well he/she；10 well we；1 well they；19 well it)。其他的有signs of agreement(59 okay/oh/yes/yeah/ah/alright)以及common formulaic expressions，如“well I think”(9)、“well you know”(7)、“well let me e”(5)。
Table Cognitive Effects of “Well” in Friends(Season 9)
Cognitive effect | Number | Percentage |
Contemplation（176） | Hesitation/delay | 155 | 36.9 |
Filler | 19 | 4.5 |
Comparative | 2 | 0.5 |
稳定土Mitigation（111） | Mitigation | 53 | 12.7 |
Contradicting | 29 | 6.9 |
Accepting | 29 | 6.9 |
Coherence-achieving（72） | Narrative-staging | 40 | 9.5 |
奔腾的河流Topic-shifting | 32 | 7.6 |
Turn-taking | Floor-bidding | 27 | 6.4 |
Prompting 3 0.7 | 3 | 0.7 |
Insufficiency耳朵上有个小眼有福气（19） | Insufficiency | 19 | 4.5 |
Persuasion北京男士spa（8） | Persuasion | 8 | 1.9 |
Correcting | Self-correcting | 2 | 0.5 |
Other-correcting | 2 | 0.5 |
| | | |
3.1“well”作为思考缓延标记语（176）
“well”作为思考缓延标记语（contemplation marker）。这时的“well”可以细化为三种语用功能，体现为犹豫缓延功能，填充语（filler）和比较标记语功能。
