The history of translation in China
The history of translation in China is extensive and profound enough in impact to be almost epic. China's philosophical, political, and cultural outlooks change in distinct relation to the translation of other nation’s languages to its own. China's translation history spans over 3,000 years.
1.) Translation in China: five regions function as one, Zhou Dynasty (1100 BC)
义务英文Originally historical records note only the translators within China's borders as it was parated into five regions who spoke languages distinct to each area. For coherence amongst the land, translators functioned as officers for this specific role.
During the time of the Zhou Dynasty, then, the significance of communicating, and therefore translating, was given import as an imperial scholar Jia Gongyan. He gave translating an official definition, “translation is to replace one written language with another without changing the meaning for mutual understanding."
2.) Translation in China: foreign philosophy becomes native, Han Dynasty (206 BC-220 BC)
培训感言
Taoism was a relatively unchallenged philosophy in China until Buddhism gained a spotlight through foreign contact with India. Their Buddhist Sutras were translated from Sanskrit to reach the people of China on a wide scale. A significant translation issue aro, what should be the guiding principle:
• Should translation be “literal” word by word from the original language to the target language to remain true to the text?
• Should it be “free” as in a translation that is allowed to adjust enough to make n to the target audience of this differing culture?
A school specifically for translation was erected. Reaching into the eighth century, Sanskrit translation was refined and continued by Buddhist monks giving Taoism a significant rival. A Toaist Monk, however bridged the gap by translating Buddhist sutras hi
mlf, Xuan Zang also offered middle ground to the translation queries admonishing that translation must be BOTH truthful and understandable.
3.) Song dynasties (960-1279) From religion to global education through translation
Branching out from philosophy, translation began introducing Western interests in Science and affecting scholarly interests in China. Works on elements, astronomy, and even Plato’s Logic debuted in China. Religion was not entirely left behind as in the 16th century Christian texts from missionaries
as well as literature on technology they brought was translated.
4.) Qing dynasty (1582-1773)
Italian, Portugue, Swiss, Polish, and French missionaries undertook the introduction of material to be translated exposing China to their varied interests especially science. Clo to 70 of such missionaries visited China during this time.
5.) Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty became a time of scholarship where translated text were ud as the basis for further rearch. Xu Guangqi, Prime Minister and a noted Scientist led the charge to translation of scientific studies from far off nations. Yan Fu, concerned for China's state in the wake of the rest of the world, became captivated by translated literature on evolution and natural lection. The worry aro for him that China would be eliminated if it did not adapt to the trends of the rest of the world. Survival of the fittest became a popular topic amongst the aristocracy. Yan Fu is celebrated in translation history becau of his focus on the reading-audience of government officials and their formal u of translation to Classical Chine. With government support, Yan Fu t down his triple translation criteria dominating for half a century thereafter:
1. Faithfulness—true to the original document
2. Fluency—understandable to the readers
学英语的方法
3. Elegance—aesthetically pleasing
6.) Qing Dynasty[i]
Translation during this time was mainly literary, namely Western novels to Chine expanding creative interest in China from the range of generally essays and poetry. Grammatical errors were overlooked becau of the Classical Chine the translations were managed into by Lin Shu.
7.) May 4th Movement (beginning in 1916)-[ii]
This time was also called the “new culture movement” as Marx and Lennin’s work eped into the Chine populace through translation of Communist works. By 1919 Chen Wangdo published a version of The Communist Manifesto. Thereafter translated communist theories fueled the Chine revolution. A Transition Bureau was established by the Communist Party of China for the translation of Marxist/Lenninism works for guidelines of founding the People’s Republic of China. Readership amongst the populace incread as Chine vernacular in translation done by Lu Xun and Qu Quibai铁道游击队的故事
女儿的生日祝福语Lu Xun emphasized the faithfulness of translation. Qu Qiubai, as a politician also translated Russian literature into Chine with importance on faithfulness to the original t
工水念什么ext. Moreover, Qiubai encouraged the inclusion of words and expressions form other cultures into colloquial Chine.
分手的借口8.) 1949-1978
Translation enjoyed a at of special importance in the culture of China influencing the political, social, and educational domains in a more explicit way. The United Nations recruited translators from China for their skill to help translate documents
9.) 1978-2001
Normal translation practice continued to change with the political, economic, and cultural times. In 1978, “market-oriented translation” came into being. Market-oriented translation was open for access by every individual and organization.
