会计养老金准则-----外文翻译(原文+猪肋排的做法译文)
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原文1
The logic of pension accounting
2. Pensions as an expen
龙的由来
2.1. Early approaches to pension accounting
In the USA and UK, private-ctor employer-sponsored pension arrangements began to appear in the cond half of the 19th century, and were often associated with large organizations such as railways, insurance companies and banks Hannah, 1986: 10?12; Chandar and Miranti,2007: 206. Accounting for the arrangements was often very simple. The cost recognized by the employer was effectively the cash paid in a given period. Some schemes operated on a ‘pay-as-you-go’ basis, where the employer made no advance provi
sion for retirement benefits. In this ca, the cost each period equaled the benefits paid. In a scheme where the employer made contributions to an external fund invested in curities, out of which benefits would be paid, or made notional contributions to an internal account, the cost would be the contributions arising in each period, possibly augmented by interest on notional contributions if the were not ud to purcha curities. However, many employers granted pensions to enable employees to retire, even though no advance provision had been made.
The ‘expen-as-you-pay’ accounting for pensions was rationalized through the ‘gratuity theory’ of retirement benefits McGill et al., 2004: 16.This theory propod that retirement benefits were awarded to retirees at the discretion of the employer, ‘as a kindly act on the part of an employer towards old retainers who have rved him faithfully and well’ Pilch and Wood, 1979: 2. Paying a pension was not necessarily an act of pure benevolence, becau it could allow an employer to retire an employee who was no longer performing adequately, without incurring public criticism. The gratuity theory implied that the employer received an efficiency gain when superannuated employees retired, and that th
e appropriate point at which to recognize the cost of pensions was as the pensions were paid. If the employer wanted to earmark some earnings in a distinct pension rerve before employees retired, then this would be regarded as an appropriation of profit rather than as an expen. Even in structured pension schemes, the employer might include claus denying the existence of an enforceable contract, stressing that pension benefits were paid entirely at the employer’s discretion and could be discontinued at any time Stone, 1984: 24.
坤卦六爻 However, the gratuity theory rapidly came under challenge from the view that pensions constitute ‘deferred pay’, and that employees in effect sacrifice current income in exchange for the expectation of income in the future. On this basis, early accounting theorists such as Henry Rand Hatfield suggested that employers should include in operating expens ‘the amount necessary to provide for future pensions’ Hatfield, 1916: 194. A number of commentators obrved that the calculation of such an expen was potentially highly complex, but they suggested that the calculations fell within the domain of actuaries Stone, 1984: 26.Members of the actuarial profession had already been involv
ed in advising on appropriate contribution rates for pension schemes involving either external or internal ‘notional’ funding. In accounting terms, the employer would measure the annual cost of pension provision either directly in terms of amounts calculated by actuaries, if the route of internal funding was followed, or through the contributions themlves determined by actuaries to an external pension fund. In the ca of external funding, cost would be equal to contributions due for the period, and, other than short-term accruals,pension expen would be bad on cash payments or other asts transferred to the pension fund.
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2.2. The beginnings of accounting regulation
输入法修复
Early authoritative accounting pronouncements endord this esntially cash-bad approach to pension cost determination. The Committee on Accounting Procedure of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants AICPA issued Accounting Rearch Bulletin No. 47 Accounting
for Costs of Pension Plans in 1956, and expresd the view that ‘costs bad on current
and future
rvices should be systematically accrued during the expected period of active rvice of the covered employees’ CAP, 1956. On clor analysis, ‘systematic accrual’ implied that employers would u the method recommended by the actuary for funding the pension plan to determine the pension expen in respect of current rvice. This approach was endord by the Accounting Principles Board APB in their Opinion No. 8 Accounting for the Cost of Pension Plans, issued in 1966. APB 8 is entirely cost-bad ? there are references to ‘balance-sheet pension accruals’ and ‘balance-sheet pension prepayments or deferred charges’ but no explanation of the terms or how they are to be determined. Much of the Opinion address not the issue of determining ‘normal cost’ ‘the annual cost assigned, under the actuarial cost method in u, to years subquent to the inception of a pension plan or to a particular valuation date’ but rather ‘past rvice cost’ ‘pension cost assigned under the actuarial cost method in u, to years prior to the inception of a pension plan’ and ‘prior rvice cost’ ‘pension cost assigned, under the actuarial cost method in u, to years prior to the date of a particular actuarial valuation’. The Opinion g
oes to great lengths to provide guidance on how the components of pension cost should be recognized, recommending spreading of the costs over a period up to 40 years. A number of features of the accounting treatment of pension costs need to be highlighted. First although it is not made explicit, there is an under-lying desire to arrive at a pension expen in each period that is not materially different from the employer’s contributions to the pension fund. APB 8 notes ‘the amount of the pension cost determined under this Opinion may vary from the amounfunded’ APB, 1966: para. 43, but this situation is not analyzed in detail. For unfunded pension plans, costs are to be determined using an actuarial cost method. The criteria for the lection of an appropriate actuarial cost method are that the method is‘rational and systematic and should be consistently applied so that it results in a reasonable measure of pension cost from year to year’.
人民的名义下载Author: Christopher J. Napier
Nationality: English
Originate from: The CPA Journal
译文一
养老金会计的逻辑
2养老金费用
2.1早先的养老金会计
在19世纪后期的美国和英国，出现了私人部门雇主赞助的养老金计划，主要集中于铁路公司和保险业、银行业等大型机构Hannah, 1986: 10?12; Chandar and Miranti,2007: 206。这时的养老金会计往往非常简单。雇主确认的成本实际上就是一定期间内支付的现金。很多养老金计划是都是在职工退休后进行支付，雇主并没有提供进一步的退休福利。在这种情况下，每段期间内的成本就是该期间的现金支付。在某些计划中，雇主提供资金投资于外部的证券，用取得的收益支付养老金，或是向内部的账户提供资金。如果基金没有被用来购买证券，成本将会是每段时间内的服务成本并计上合理的利率。然而，很多雇主为了能让雇员退休情愿支付养老金，但是并没有提供进一步的福利。
现收现付制养老金会计是建立在“酬金理论”动物科学McGill et al., 2004: 16基础上的，这个理论认为养老金是雇主对退休人员的一种奖励，“是雇主对为他忠诚服务的退休老职工的善意施舍”Pilch and Wood, 1979: 2。其实支付养老金并不是出于纯粹的善意，因为它能让雇主辞退那些工作效率不高的雇员，而不受到社会的指责。“酬金”理论暗示雇主通过辞退落后的职工而使效率得到提高，对养老金成本合适的计量就是支付的养老金金额。如果雇主希望在一个特定的养老金储备预留一些员工退休前的收入，这时他应该确认一部分利润而不是费用。即使在格式化的养老金计划中，雇主也可能会加入这样的条款，否认这是一种强制的合同，而强调养老金福利完全是根据自己意愿老来支付，任何时候他都可以终止这项计划Stone, 1984: 24。
