现代农业沟渠生态化设计关键技术及其应用
杨洋;郭宗楼
【摘 要】Ditch is one of the most important elements in modern agriculture, which has a great impact on agricultural production and ecological environment. Traditional ditches mainly focus on convenient traffic, economic and engineering cost, irrigation and drainage, but neglect the environment ecosystem. In order to coordinate the relationship of ecology, economy and sustainability, and realize the win-win situation of water conrvancy function and ecological function, proposing a new ecological detailed ditch is of great importance. Bad on the rearch materials and experimental results in domestic and overas, an ecological canal project was constructed in Lushan County of Sichuan Province with combination of the ction form, lining method, slope protection style, aquatic plant, ecological landscape, etc. This article puts forward suitable ecological detailed design principles, key technologies, and actual ditch design reference styles. With the consideration of functional requirements, such as production, life, ecology,
landscape, etc., some advanced, practical and new concepts with great significance were propod, which can be ud in practical engineering demonstration. Comprehensive evaluation of the ditch ecological effect showed that the final score of the ecological ditch treatment project was 84.65, and the grade was good, better than the ordinary ditch treatment project (the final score was 77.90, and the grade was middle). Although the ecological ditch treatment project had no significant difference in the economic and operational management as compared with the conventional ditch treatment project, it had good effect onthe removal of pollutants, water recycling and compliance rate. In conclusion, the ecological design of engineering ditch has good ecology, economy and sustainability. The following main achievements were obtained:1) Ecology: Slope and escape lanes were provided to facilitate the escapement of animals falling into the ditches; aquatic plants in the ditches can remove pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus and pesticides in the water body, and purify water quality; canal plants can slow down the water flow rate and reduce the temperature changes within the canal to promote crop growth; ecological corridor was t to strengthen the exchange of farmland and protect th
e integrity; water level monitoring equipment was applied to improve the water utilization at a large extent. 2) Economy: The fine design of each ction greatly reduced the relevant project cost; aquatic plants purified water quality and reduced the cost of wage treatment. 3) Sustainability: This project integrated a ries of detailed designs, ensuring the function of traditional ditch irrigation and drainage, and reducing the impact on the environment, which maintained the original ecology of farmland system and improved the u of ditch sustainability.%以四川省芦山县生态沟渠工程建设项目为例,综合考虑渠道生产、生活、生态、景观等功能,从渠道的断面形式、衬砌方式、护坡样式、水生植物、生态景观化等方面进行研究,设计了一种新型的生态化精细灌排沟渠,介绍了构建该沟渠的设计原则和关键技术.对构建的生态化沟渠的综合效果评价结果表明:生态化沟渠处理方案的最终得分为84.65,等级属于良,优于普通沟渠处理方案(最终得分为77.90,等级属于中);虽然沟渠生态化处理工程在经济性及操作管理方面与普通沟渠处理方案没有显著差异,但在处理效果和废水回收利用方面表现出了一定的优势,如沟渠生态化设计对污染物的去除效果好,出水回收利用率及达标率较高.说明沟渠生态化工程设计具有良好的生态性、经济性和可持续性.
【期刊名称】《浙江大学学报（农业与生命科学版）》
【年(卷),期】清明这首诗2017(043)003
【总页数】宝葫芦的秘密读后感男性护理13页(P377-389)
【关键词】生态系统;沟渠;精细设计;示范运用
【作 者】杨洋;郭宗楼
【作者单位】浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院,杭州 310058;浙江大学生物系统工程与食品科学学院,杭州 310058
【正文语种】格兰姆中 文
【中图分类】S27
Summary Ditch is one of the most important elements in modern agriculture,which has a great impact on agricultural production and ecological environment.Traditional ditches mainly focus on convenient traffic,economic and engineering cost,irrigation and drainage,butneglectthe environmentecosystem.
In order to coordinate the relationship of ecology,economy and sustainability,and realize the win-win situation of water conrvancy function and ecological function,proposing a new ecological detailed ditch is of great importance.Bad on the rearch materials and experimentalresults in domestic and overas,an ecological canalproject was constructed in Lushan County of Sichuan Province with combination of the ction form,lining method,slope protection style,aquatic plant, ecologicallandscape,etc.This article puts forward suitable ecologicaldetailed design principles,key technologies,and actual ditch design reference styles.With the consideration of functionalrequirements,such as production,life,ecology,landscape, etc.,some advanced,practical and new concepts with great significance were propod,which can be ud in practical engineering demonstration.Comprehensive evaluation of the ditch ecological effect showed that the final score of the ecological ditch treatment project was 84.65,and the grade was good,better than the ordinary ditch treatment project(the finalscore was 77.90,and the grade was middle).Although the ecologicalditch treatmentprojecthad no significantdifference in the economic and operationalmanagementas compared with the c
沈阳医学院录取分数线onventionalditch treatmentproject,ithad good effectonthe removal of pollutants,water recycling and compliance rate.In conclusion,the ecological design of engineering ditch has good ecology,economy and sustainability.The following main achievements were obtained:
1)Ecology:Slope and escape lanes were provided to facilitate the escapementof animals falling into the ditches;aquatic plants in the ditches can remove pollutants such as nitrogen,phosphorus and pesticides in the water body,and purify water quality;canal plants can slow down the water flow rate and reduce the temperature changes within the canal to promote crop growth;ecological corridor was t to strengthen the exchange of farmland and protect the integrity;water level monitoring equipmentwas applied to improve the water utilization ata large extent.
2)Economy:The fine design of each ction greatly reduced the relevant project cost;aquatic plants purified water quality and reduced the costofwage treatment.
3)Sustainability:This projectintegrated a ries of detailed designs,ensuring the function o
f traditional ditch irrigation and drainage,and reducing the impact on the environment,which maintained the original ecology of farmland system and improved the u of ditch sustainability.
沟渠，是实现农业水土资源优化配置和有效耦合的重要基础设施，是灌区的重要组成部分。它是为抗旱排涝而修建的人工输水、配水设施，向灌区提供生活、生产、环境供水服务[1-2]，不仅能够确保粮食安全[3]，还具有保护农田生态系统及多样性的生态功能和提供休闲娱乐、景观等社会功能。现阶段人们对维护生态资源及景观品质的要求日益提高，在农地整理中沟渠工程对农田生态影响方面的研究逐渐受到重视[4]。
在农田系统中多数沟渠设计的主要技术目标是为了方便生产通行以及提高水的利用率，忽略了对生态环境的保护，缺乏系统化、生态化设计，不仅影响了农田物种的生存与扩散，还导致了生物栖息环境的退化。当前，沟渠设计存在的问题具体表现在：1）对混凝土衬砌的沟渠即使采用部分无砂混凝土浇筑，其透水性远不如自然土壤，不利于农田的降渍[5]；2）改变了沟壁多孔土壤介质对农田流失的磷、氮等物质的吸附基础，增加了沟渠的富营养化负担[6]；3）改变了沟渠中水生生物与植物的生长条件，减少了水生生物与植物对农田
排水中有害物质的吸收[7]；4）青蛙、蟾蜍等动物失去了越冬生存的场所和农田施药时的避难场所[8]；5）渠道大面积的防渗衬砌改变了地下水的补给条件，减少了下游地区回归水的总量，可能会对地下水及下游地区水环境产生不利影响。因此，为实现农田沟渠水利功能和生态功能的双赢，协调沟渠的功能性、生态性、经济性和可持续性，本研究以四川省芦山县生态沟渠工程建设项目为例，从渠道的断面形式、衬砌方式、护坡样式、水生植物、生态景观等方面进行综合考虑，设计了一种新型生态化精细灌排沟渠，并对其进行生态化综合效果评价，总结了生态化精细沟渠构建的设计原则和关键技术，提出了一些可用于实际工程且具有现实意义的先进理念。
1.1 沟渠生态化设计原则
要协调沟渠的功能性、生态性、经济性和可持续性，实现农田沟渠水利功能和生态功能的双赢，在研究农田沟渠生态化精细设计技术过程中，需要坚持以下原则。1）安全高效原则：维持沟渠输排水功能的同时，满足结构安全要求。2）人性化原则：尊重原有的自然环境，并注意与周围景观的协调与配合，满足人们的生产活动需求。3）整体性原则：解决沟渠中泥沙淤积问题，营造水流环境的多样化。4）生态性原则：以青蛙、蟾蜍等动物为目标，
设计一系列逃生通道、栖息空间，制造有利于其生存的自然环境；通过生物方法降解水流中的污染物质，减小对生态环境的影响。
皮虫1.2 沟渠生态化设计要点
灌溉沟渠分为干、支、斗、农4级，不同等级和规格的沟渠，生态化精细设计的技术要点均有所区别。本研究从渠道的断面形式、衬砌方式、护坡样式、水生植物、生态景观等方面进行生态化精细设计，主要技术要点如下。评价标准
1）断面形式及缓坡设计：应当基于不同的工程区概况及输水规模，结合结构安全和生态化原则选取适当的断面。目前沟渠断面形式多运用矩形和梯形断面。缓坡设计不会因沟渠隔断原有生态系统，可形成连续的环境，以便于动物在水陆两域迁移，同时可减少渠道内水位高低变化带来的生态冲击[9-11]。参考叶艳妹等[4]的研究成果可以得出：当沟渠深度h≤30 cm时，可采用矩形断面；当30 cm＜h≤50 cm时，可设计矩形断面或者坡度≤1∶0.85的缓坡（梯形断面），但应考虑在某些地段设计辅助设施如生态板以方便小青蛙跳出沟渠；当h＞50 cm时，边坡最好设计为坡度≤1∶0.75的缓坡（梯形断面）。适当设计辅助设施以维持生态平衡，是解决当沟渠坡度不符合生态要求时的有效措施之一。
入伍年龄
2）衬砌方式设计。（1）边坡衬砌：传统的边坡衬砌多为三面光衬砌方式，从防渗、输水效率和景观生态等多方面考虑，可采用表面多孔设计，为动植物的生存繁衍提供空间，如不填缝浆砌石的边坡衬砌（图1），半浆砌石和半混凝土结合的边坡衬砌（图2）等方式。（2）渠底衬砌：大多为混凝土硬质化衬砌，结合生态化理念设计，渠底不渗漏并能为植物提供生长空间的生态化衬砌方式十分必要。如经生态处理技术后的混凝土渠底衬砌，指在混凝土衬砌的基础上设计专门填充土壤的植物生长带（图3），应注意合理布局，不影响防渗和渠道糙率。（3）采用由混凝土块、无砂混凝土框格（可种植水生植物）组成的改良植生型防渗砌块[12-13]（图4），可与动植物及微生物构成自净效果较好的水生生态系统。
3）生态护坡设计：生态护坡是仿自然环境设计的，促进了人文与景观的结合。现有的护坡技术综合归纳为2类：纯植被护坡与工程措施+植物复合护坡[14-15]。人工种草取代混凝土覆盖的纯植被护坡技术适用于边坡坡度较缓的工程。工程措施+植物复合护坡技术主要有：用三维土工网填充土壤并种植植物的三维土工植被网护坡；通过在多孔生态混凝土上浇灌植物生长基质的多孔型生态混凝土护坡。生态护坡设计具有良好的通气吸水、防止土壤流失等优点。
