Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) landings in the Gulf of California related to remotely nd SST and concentrations of chlorophyll a (1998–2012)
∙ Carlos J. Robinsona, , ,
∙ Jaime Gómez-Gutiérrezb,
∙ David Alberto Salas de Leóna
∙ a中国古代历史故事 Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, D.F. 04500, Mexico
∙ b Departamento de Plancton y Ecología Marina, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Col. Palo de Santa Rita, La Paz, B.C.S. 23096, Mexico
Received 23 June 2012, Revid 10 September 2012, Accepted 16 September 2012, Available online 23 October 2012
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doi:10.1016/j.fishres.2012.09.006
成功故事69乐园
Abstract
The jumbo squid Dosidicus gigas supports an important fishery in the central region of the Gulf of California, Mexico. However, in recent years, landings of this species in the port of G
uaymas, Sonora has declined significantly. We examined monthly landing records from January 1998 through March 2012 and related this record to monthly a surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll a from satellite imagery and coastal upwelling index (CUI) in the fishing area as proxies of inter-annual changes in the epipelagic habitat. Results indicate that jumbo squid catches were high between June 1999 and December 2004 (328,903 t) associated with an extended period of prevailing cold SSTs (La Niña 1999) and high chlorophyll a concentrations with inten CUI. From January 2005 through March 2012, a progressive catches decrea; landings were about 31.8% of previous captures (104,829 t). Decline is associated with a progressively warmer habitat with less chlorophyll a and considerably lower CUI. Six fishing surveys carried out into the central Gulf of California with jig sampling indicate that jumbo squid tend to be in regions with low SST and high chlorophyll 色伊人a, confirming its association with cold and productive areas.
文摘
巨型乌贼来到中部地区的渔业墨西哥加州海湾。然而,近年来,这一物种进入港口瓜伊马斯,索诺拉生物蛋白，显著下降。我们检查每月记录从1998年1月到2012年3月,有关这个记录每月的海表面温度(SST)和叶绿素。从卫星图像和沿岸上升流指标捕鱼区域 乒乓球拍底板，取代年际上层的栖息地的变化。结果表明,巨型乌贼捕获高1999年6月至2004年12月与一段时间的寒冷的太平洋和高叶绿素浓度与强烈关系。从2005年1月到2012年3月,产谈姓量下降,降到先前捕获(104829吨)的31.8%左右。逐步衰落关系到一个温暖的栖息地减少，叶绿素,很多。六个钓鱼调查到中央加利福尼亚湾。夹具抽样表明,巨型乌贼往往在较低的地区，有低海温和高叶绿素,确认寒冷影响生产领域。
土豆汤的做法
Keywords
∙ Dosidicus gigas;
∙ Remote nsing;
∙ Upwelling;
∙ Gulf of California
∙ 关键字 牡蛎 遥感 上升流 加利福尼海湾
1. Introduction
The ommastrephidae squid Dosidicus gigas (jumbo squid, Humboldt squid, or “calamar gigante” in Spanish) supports a large local fishery in the central Gulf of California, Mexico. This fishery, operating since 1974, targets a fast-growing, short-lived squid species with capacity to migrate vertically and horizontally and rapidly responding to changing environmental conditions ( Benoit-Bird and Gilly, 2012, Ehrhardt et al., 1983, Markaida et al., 2004, Markaida et al., 2005 and Nigmatullin et al., 2001). It is not surprising that, like other squid fisheries, landings of this species in Mexico show large year-to-year fluctuations ( Sakurai et al., 2000). In the Gulf of California, giant squid are captured in feeding grounds off Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur and Guaymas, Sonora. Its distribution has been related to asonally alternate upwelling regions along both coasts of the gulf ( Markaida and Sosa-Nishizaki, 2001), where inten upwelling alo
ng the west coast of the mainland occurs from December through May, and less inten upwelling occurs along the east coast of the Baja California Peninsula during the rest of the year ( Santamaria-del-Angel et al., 1994 and Lluch-Cota, 2000).
乌贼牡蛎支撑了大量当地渔业在加州海湾中部墨西哥。这种渔业,自1974年以来,快速增长,鱿鱼物种迁移，在垂直和水平上 以快速响应不断变化的环境条件。也就不足为奇了,像其他鱿鱼渔场,降落在墨西哥这个物种显示 大同比波动。在加利福尼亚湾,巨型乌贼捕获圣猩红热,南下加利福尼亚州和瓜伊马斯,索诺拉。其分布在犯错歌词季节交替的海岸墨西哥湾沿岸上升流区域。在沿着大陆西海岸发生强烈的上升流。从12月到5月,和少量的强烈上下涌。在加利福尼亚半岛的东海岸 。在今年的其他时间 。
The jumbo squid fishing fleet in Guaymas consists of ∼500 small open boats (∼7 m, regionally known as pangas), each operated by 2 or 3 fishermen, and ∼50 modified shrimp trawlers (10–15 m) operated by 10–15 fishermen. Jumbo squid are fished by manual jigging during one-night trips in small boats and four or five nights in modified shrimp trawlers. This small boat fleet typically capture about 80% of the total catch lande
d at Guaymas (Juan Pedro Vela, Mexican Council for the giant squid for the State of Sonora, pers. comm.). Currently, there is no stock asssment; minimal management is applied to the fishery. Governmental fishery management is bad on fishing permit limits, intending to maintain a relatively constant proportional escape of 40% of residual biomass remaining to spawn (Morales-Bojórquez et al., 2001). There are no catch quotas or fishing ason or minimum squid dorsal mantle length permitted for the catch. This may reflect the inherent difficulties in managing a highly variable population, and the difficulty of accurately predicting biomass of this squid, using standard methods of stock asssment models (Morales-Bojórquez et al., 2001 and Nevárez-Martínez et al., 2006). An efficient fishery management plan for the fishery should include considerable knowledge about spatial-asonal distribution and abundance associated with regional oceanography and its intrinsic variability (Rodhou, 2001).
瓜伊马斯的巨型鱿鱼捕鱼船队有500只小型船只。每一个由2或3渔民、虾拖网渔船组成。巨型鱿鱼捕捞的人员劳动四个或五个晚上修改虾拖网渔船。这小船舰队通常捕获量约80%是落在瓜伊马斯的。目前,由于没有股票评估;应用于渔业的是小股票。政府渔业管理是基于
钓鱼许可证限制,想要维持一个逃脱残余的生物量的40%剩余产卵相对稳定比例。没有捕捞限额或禁止捕鱼季节或最小鱿鱼捕捞长度。反映了固有的困难来管理高度移动的人口,以及准确预测的生物群鱿鱼股票评估模型，一个高效渔业渔业管理计划 应该包括相当多的知识，了解鱼群 分布和丰富度 与区域海洋学的内在可变性。
Jumbo squid inhabits the productive waters of the Eastern Pacific (45°S–45°N) and are directly influenced by the climatic variability associated with ENSO (Nigmatullin et al., 2001). El Niño 1997–98 off Peru verely reduced jumbo squid catches (Taipe et al., 2001, Waluda and Rodhou, 2006 and Waluda et al., 2006). In the Gulf of California, El Niño 1997–98 had a similar impact on jumbo squid population structure and decrea in commercial catches (Markaida, 2006, Morales-Bojórquez and Nevárez-Martínez, 2010 and Morales-Bojórquez et al., 2001). The obrvations suggest that variability of squid catches may be predictable, using a t of environmental variables, such as a surface temperature (SST), particularly related with recruitment strength and abundance (Rodhou, 2001 and Waluda and Rodhou, 2006). However, attempts to correlate squid distribution during and between El Niño events and SST in the Gulf of California ha
ve yielded no conclusive results (Nevárez-Martínez et al., 2000 and Brito-Castillo et al., 2000).
气候变化直接影响了在东太平洋的水域生产捕捞作业巨型乌贼。1997 - 98年的厄尔尼诺现象 从秘鲁开始 严重降低巨型乌贼的捕获·加利福尼亚湾的1997 - 98年的厄尔尼诺现象 对巨型鱿鱼数量结构有类似的影响 减少了商业捕获量。这些观测结果表明,鱿鱼捕捞可能是可预测的,使用一组环境变量,如海表面温度(SST),试图联系鱿鱼分布与厄尔尼诺事件 加利福尼亚。没有确切的结果 可以参考·
2. Summary
Compared with the high chlorophyll a concentrations obrved immediately after La Niña 1999, the jumbo squids fishing area off Guaymas region became progressively warmer and contained progressively smaller concentration of chlorophyll a which is a respon of atmospheric changes that generate less inten coastal upwelling events and longer periods with downwelling events. This negatively impacted the regional jumbo squid fishery; which depends mainly on jumbo squid clo to Guaymas. Without another climati
c event that boosts inten coastal upwelling that promotes high phytoplankton biomass, jumbo squid catches will remain low, in the range obrved since 2005. Long periods with low phytoplankton biomass and lack of fishery regulations that considers the environmental conditions may further decrea jumbo squid catches. The last six months of catches has been clo to the lowest recorded in the last 15 years, just above the figures reported for 1998. The combination of remote nsing technology as well as jigging samplings can help fishermen with information to explore new fishing areas for jumbo squid in the Gulf of California.
