孤单英文
DOI 10.1007/s11252-006-3263-2
Fengshui theory in urban landscape planning
Sun-Kee Hong ·In-Ju Song ·Jianguo Wu
Published online:23June 2006C Springer Science +Business Media,LLC 2006
Abstract The spatial configuration of urban landscapes results from cumulative interactions between human activities and the physical environment.Traditional philosophies and cul-tural legacies have had important influences on urban development and planning in East Asia.In Seoul,traditional land u practices bad on ‘Fengshui’have significantly con-tributed to human-mediated patterns of landscape changes,in addition to the role of the socio-economic background (development)and other human activities.The concept of Feng-shui was originally founded upon people’s empirical cognition of natural landscape patterns.Recently,however,advanced economic development,westernization and urbanization have been rapidly altering the old traditions of the holistic landscape systems through changing urban planning practices.Since the type,scale,frequency,distribution and spreading pattern of environmental and human disturbances have been changed,a new paradigm for urban landscape planning is necessary to maintain the ecol
ogical and cultural integrity of land-scapes in Korea.In this paper,we discuss recent concepts and methods of landscape ecology and urban planning from the viewpoint of Fengshui,the traditional land u patterns in Seoul,who application has so far been restricted only to traditional land evaluation.We conclude that,to maintain the sustainability of the urban landscape,it is necessary to develop a new urban planning framework for the region that is bad on the integration between landscape ecology principles with the traditional concepts of Fengshui.
Keywords Asian landscape pattern .Fengshui theory .Landscape ecological planning .Land u policy .Urban ecology
S.-K.Hong ( )
Forest Science Institute,Kookmin University,861-1Jeongneung-dong,Songbuk-gu,Seoul 136-702,Korea
e-mail:kr
Prent address :Institute of Island Culture,Mokpo National University,Jeonnam 534-729,Korea I.-J.Song
Seoul Development Institute,391Seocho-dong,Seocho-gu,Seoul 137-071,Korea
J.Wu
Faculty of Ecology,Evolution,and Environmental Science,School of Life Sciences,Arizona State University,Tempe,AZ 85287-4501,USA
节日的英语Springer
Urban Ecosyst (2007)
10:221–237
大城小爱歌词Urban Ecosyst Introduction
The compositional diversity and spatial configuration of land mosaics reflect the influences of natural,socioeconomic,and cultural process in a given region (McHarg,1969;Forman,1995;Zonnev
eld,1995;Zipperer et al.,2000).In East Asian countries,socioeconomic and cultural influences are particularly important for understanding the structure,function-ing,and dynamics of many of the ancient landscapes (March,1968;Holzner et al.,1983;Needham,1986).For example,the land u pattern of Asian countries,including rapidly expanding urban areas,has been significantly influenced by the nature-oriented,ancient the-ory of landscape arrangement,Fengshui (or wind-water)theory (Choi,1991;Forman,1995;Hong,2000).
Fengshui theory was originated from the oriental human consciousness and attitude toward nature and natural landscapes (Tuan,1968;Porker,1974;Needham,1986).The cognitive and empirical topographical notion of Fengshui ems compatible with modern landscape ecological perspectives.For instance,the notion of ecological sustainability which depends on the combination of adaptability and change in ecological and human systems (Forman,1989;Zonneveld,1989;Wu and Loucks,1995;Niemi et al.,1998;Reid et al.,2002)is consistent with the central tenet of Fengshui theory that has a major bearing on the urban planning and landscape management in Asia (Hong,2001;Hong et al.,2001).Many items are required to encapsulate ecological-environmental sustainability in risk impact asssment and environmental resource management (Niemi et al.,1998).Protection of biological diversity and ecological integrity to maintain ecological process and
systems is important items as other inter-disciplinary principles linked to socio-economical equity in landscape ecology (Forman,1995;Lyle,1999).
Current perspectives for asssing ecosystem (landscape or habitat)health are concerned strongly with quantitative measures of spatial structure and function of landscape elements (patch,corridor,matrix etc.)and ecological process among the elements (saics,spatial arrangement of patches,water quality,material fluxes,etc.)(Forman,1995;Niemi et al.,1998).In contrast,traditional knowledge for ecological sustainability and environ-mental capacity from Fengshui theory emphasizes the process-bad perceptual experience and holistic understanding of the natural land (scape)as well as its cultural implications (Table 1).Thus,Fengshui theory views biophysical entities through the lens of empirical cultural knowledge,so that holistically-meaningful sustainability is melded with cultural historical aspects of the human environment.Fengshui theory is therefore an alternative tool for environmental asssment and is emerging as a new paradigm for achieving a harmony between humans and nature (Table 1).
With the rapid development of remote nsing and geographic information technologies,spatial data on vegetation and land u patterns can be readily integrated over large areas.The relationship between landscape change,disturbance regimes and historical legacies can also be studied,for exa
mple,by comparing a time ries of land u maps on various scales and hierarchy (K¨u chler and Zonneveld,1988;Zonneveld,1989;Lyle,1999;Wu and Hobbs,2002).The new techniques and multi-scale data can be ud to evaluate the habitat suitability of Fengshui theory in landscape and urban planning,and enhance its scientific rigor.
In this paper we prent the esntial elements of Fengshui theory and its relation-ship to some modern landscape ecological concepts and principles.We describe how this traditional paradigm of landscape planning has influenced the urban development of the Seoul metropolitan area,Korea.We also discuss how Fengshui theory can be integrated with modern landscape ecological principles to better rve landscape and urban planning
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Urban Ecosyst T a b l e 1C o m p a r i s o n s b e t w e e n F e n g s h u i t h e o r y a n d l a n d s c a p e e c o l o g y i n t e r m s o f l a n d s c a p e e l e m e n t s a n d t h e i r a s s e s s m e n t a n d e v a l u a t i o n p r o c e d u r e s
E l e m e n t
P r i n c i p l e o f a s s e s s m e n t a n d e v a l u a t i o n
F e n g s h u i L a n d s c a p e F e n g s h u i
L a n d s c a p e e c o l o g y
M o u n t a i n P a t c h I .
A s s e s s m e n t o f c o n n e c t i v i t y ,a r r a n g e m e n t a n d s h a p e m o u n t a i n o u s r a n g e i n r e g i o n a l s c a l
e S i z e ,n u m b e r ,c o n n e c t i v i t y ,s h a p e -
f u n c t i o n r e l a t i o n s h i p ,c o n fi
g u r a t i o n ,a r r a n g e m e n t ,a r e a -p e r i m e t e r r a t i o ,i s l a n d b i o g e o g r a p
h y ,a r e a -s p e c
i e s c u r v e ,e t c .I I .
A s s e s s m e n t o f t o p o g r a p h i c a l o r g e o g r a p h i c a l f e a t u r e i n l o c a l o r v i l l a g e s c a l
e •L O S -S L O S S /e d g e e
f f e c t /h a b i t a t /p e n i n s u l a e f -f e c t /b o u n d a r y r o u
g
h n e s s /f r a c t a l g e o m e t r y /c o r e -
b u f f e r -
c o r r i
d o r /h a b i t a t s i n k -s o u r c
e ,e t c .
•
M a c r o -c l i m a t e f o r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p r e c i p i t a t i o n i n r e -g i o n a l l e v e l ,e c o l o g i c a l n e t w o r k f o r l a r g e a n i m a l s (e .g .,
g a m e r e s e r v e )•
职校生M i c r o -s c a l e w i n d d i r e c t i o n ,b i o m a s s ,v e g e t a t i o n
W a t e r
C o r r i d o r ’M a t r i x ’N e t w o r k I I I .A s s e s s m e n t o f s t r e a m c o n n e c t i v i t y a n d s h a p e ,n e t w o r k -i n g w i t h m o u n t a i n t o v i l l a g e f o r w a t e r s h e d ,r i c e p a d d
y
W i d t h ,c o n n e c t i v i t y /v e r t i c a l -h o r i z o n t a l s t r u c t u r e /h e t e r o g e n e i t y ,q u a l i t y /d e n s i t y ,c i r c u i t r y ,c o n n e c t i v i t y o f c o r r i d o r I V .A s s e s s m e n t o f s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o
n •E n e r g y flu x a n d m a t e r i a l t r a n s p o r t s y s t e m /s i n k -s o u r c e h a b i t a t /d r i f t f e n c e e f f e c t /v e g e t a t i o n s t r u c t u r e /w i n d -b r e a k /g r a d e -u p o f e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f m o v e m e n t a n d t r a n s p o r t /h a b i t a t q u a l i t y /l a n d s c a p e t o l e r a n c e
•F l u x (e n e r g y ,m a t e r i a l ,o r g a n i s m s ),w a t e r r e s o u r c e m a n -a g e m e n t
深色壁纸
•P o r o u s s o i l ,b i o l o g i c a l h a b i t a t ,H y d r o l o g i c a l ,b i o g e o -c h e m i c a l (n u t r i e n t )c y c l e ,a i r c i r c u l a t i o n ,h u m i d i t y c o n -t r o l
D i r e c t i o n ’M a n
M o s a i c s ,P a t c h -c o r r i d o r -m a t r i x l i n k a g e
V .A r r a n g e m e n t f o r d i r e c t i o
n L a n d s c a p e p a t t e r n ,l a n d s c a p e d i v e r s i t y ,i s o l a t i o n ,l o b e a n d c o v e ,a d j a c e n c y e t c .
•G u i d e l i n e f o r a r r a n g e m e n t o f a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d a r t i fic i a l s t r u c t u r e s V I .P a t t e r n ,a s p e c t a n d a p p e a r a n c e o f t o t a l l a n d s c a p e :J a n g p u n g -D e u k s u ,B a e s a n -I m s u
•P a t c h -c o r r i d o r -m a t r i x s h a p e /h a b i t a t a r r a n g e m e n t /d i s t u r b a n c e d i s p e r s a l /p o p u l a t i o n d y n a m i c s ,e t c .
•
H o l i s t i c p e r c e p t i o n o n l a n d a n d n a t u r e b a s e o n t h e e m -p i r i c a l c o g n i t i v e p r o c e s s
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(2007)10:221–237
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T a b l e 1(C o n t i n u e d )
E l e m e n t
P r i n c i p l e o f a s s e s s m e n t a n d e v a l u a t i o n
F e n g s h u i L a n d s c a p e F e n g s h u i
L a n d s c a p e e c o l o g y
网络结构图C o m p a r i s o n
•A s s e s s m e n t p r o c e s s o f s u i t a b l e l o c a t i o n (h a b i t a t )b a s e d o n F e n g s h u i t h e o r y i s f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p l e s f r o m I t o V I w i t h s t e p b y s t e p .M e t h o d s f o r a s s e s s m e n t o f t h o s e s t e p s a r e a l s o d e c i d e d b y e a c h p r o c e d u r e .T h e F i r s t f o u r p r o c e d u r e s (I –I V )a r e a p p l i e d t o s e l e c t i o n p r i n c i p l e f o r l o c a t i o n .A f t e r t h o s e p r o c e d u r e s ,s t e p V i s c o n c e r n e d t o a r t i fic i a l s t r u c t u r e i t s e l f f o r i t s s u i t a b l e o r i e n t a t i o n a n d a r r a n g e m e n t .
•V a r i o u s s c i e n t i fic m e t h o d s a r e d e v e l o p e d f o r e v a l u a t i n g l a n d s c a p e q u a l i t y a n d h e a l t h .A l l l a n d s c a p e e l e m e n t s a r e l i n k e d e a c h o t h e r i n t h e l a n d s c a p e s y s t e m (p a t c h -c o r r i d o r -m a t r i x m o d e l b y F o r m a n 1995).•A s s e s s m e n t i t e m s a r e s e p a r a t e d b y e a c h e l e m e n t s a n d l a n d s c a p e a n a l y s i s s h o u l d b e e x e c u t e d b y e a c h l a n d s c a p e e l e m e n t .A n a l y s i s m e t h o d s f o r l a n d s c a p e s y s t e m w e r e s t r o n g l y a f f e c t e d b y t r a d i t i o n a l q u a n t i t a t i v e e c o l o g y o f u n i t e c o s y s t e m .D i f f e r i n g t o F e n g s h u i ,a s s e s s m e n t p r o c e d u r e o f s p a t i a l a n a l y s i s c o u l d b e a p p l i e d e a c h l a n d s c a p e e l e m e n t s e p a r a t e l y .P r o c e s s f e e d b a c k i s p o s s i b l e .E v a l u a t i o n a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f l a n d s c a p e i s o b j e c t i v e .
•M a n ’s e m p i r i c a l e x p e r i e n c e o n l a n d s c a p e i s r e fle c t e d o n t h e l a n d s c a p e m a n a g e m e n t a n d s u s t a i n a b l e l a n d u s e (B i b o ,A p s e u n g a s r e s t o r a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y ).B e c a u s e e m p i r i c a l e x p e r t f o r d e c i s i o n ,e v a l u a t i o n a n d i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f F e n g s h u i i s c o m m o n l y s u b j e c t i v e .•L o n g -t i m e c o n s u m e d ,w e a k g e n e r a l i t y l e a d t o h i d e e x p e c t a t i o n
•D e v e l o p i n g R S a n d G I S c a n b e r o l e o f g r e a t t o o l f o r h o l i s t i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f l a n d s c a p e
C a s e s
•C a p i t a l ‘S e o u l ’i n Y i D y n a s t y (F i g .2),G r e e n -s p a c e n e t w o r k p l a n (s e e F i g .6),C h e o n g g y e c h e o n R e s t o r a t i o n P r o j e c t i n u r b a n S e o u l (s e e F i g .7),W i n d w a y b a s e d o n F e n g s h u i t h e o r y •N a t u r e -t y p e s t r e a m r e s t o r a t i o n ,w a t e r s h e d m a n a g e m e n t ,d e c i d i n g h a b i t a t s u i t a b i l i t y ,e c o -r o a d ,e c o -b r i d g e ,s u b u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t ,u r b a n w a t e r -s p a c e f o r s i n k i n g u r b a n h e a t ,r o o f t o p r e v e g e t a t i o n ,b i o t o p e c o n s t r u c t i o n ,D M Z B i o s p h e r e r e s e r v e ,B a e k d u d a e g a n P r o j e c t (C h o i ,2004)
阴虱是怎么引起的•I n r e c e n t ,F e n g s h u i e x p e r t s a s w e l l a s l a n d s c a p e e c o l o g i s t s a r e i n v o l v e d a s p l a n n i n g c o u n s e l o r i n t h e v a r i o u s p r o j e c t s i n n a t i o n a l a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t (e x .d e c i s i o n o f n e w c a p i t a l l o c a t i o n )骷髅海战术
•A r g u m e n t b e t w e e n d e v e l o p m e n t a n d c o n s e r v a t i o n p o l i c y c o u l d b e r e m a i n e d a l t h o u g h s c i e n t i fic s o l u t i o n h a d d o n e
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purpos.By examining the recent developments in urban planning in Seoul,we explore how Fengshui theory can help develop an ecologically sustainable urban landscape of Seoul.
Fengshui as a culturally oriented,Asian landscape planning paradigm
The cultural aspects of landscape change and management practices in East Asia have much to do with Fengshui theory (Holzner et al.,1983;Forman,1995).Feng means
“wind ”and Shui
“water ”.They can be interpreted as real entities in terms of mountain shapes,stream networks or drainage basins.The concept of Fengshui,as a planning and design theory,emphasizes peoples’safety,national curity and the balance of nature.Ancient oriental people determined optimal or quasi-optimal locations and spatial patterns of landscapes,which were in tune with cultural traditions,religion,social structure,economics,politics,and biophysical features,for purpos of man’s safety and prosperity (Choi,1991;Hong,2001).According to Fengshui theory,ecologically sound conditions with high energy (e.g.,fertile soil,fresh air,clean water,wood)come from optimal spatial arrangement and connectivity of the two elements.
Through visualization of topography and land evaluation (Table 2),locations with the op-timal vitality (or living energy,energy flux)
called (cf.Watanabe,1990;Choi,1991,2000)can be identified.The maximization of Qi is dependent upon active flows of energy,material,species,and information as well as the harmonious interplay between mountains and streams the two elements of Fengshui.An analogy for finding the optimal vitality is arching for land suitability in land evaluation (e.g.,Zonneveld,1995;Niemi et al.,1998).The spatial arrangement and connectivity of mountains and streams can significantly influ-ence the ecological functioning of landscapes.The functioning of degraded or unproductive landscapes can be enhanced by adding new landscape elements (Table 1).Thus,the ideas and methods in “Bibo
Fengshui ”may be relevant to ecological restoration as well as ecological urban planning which is concerned with landscape pattern,human activities,and ecological integrity of urban systems.
As a spatial theory,principles of Fengshui are similar to the concepts of landscape mo-saics and networks (Table 1).Mountains,streams,residential areas,and urban blocks are all landscape elements.Cognitive maps of landscape patterns designed or planned following Fengshui theory integrate biophysical,ecological,and cultural aspects (Fig.1).The size,shape,orientation,spatial arrangement,and connectivity of patches in a landscape matrix may influence the climate,soil conditions,biodiversity,and ecosystem functioning.Natural vegetation and river-stream networks protect villages against strong wind velocity and main-tain moisture.The conditions,conquently,may increa tree growth,rice production,and soil and water conrvation.A place surrounded by mountains as in Fig.1(I)reprents a compact and less fragmented landscape with complicated boundaries which is beneficial for wildlife conrvation.On the other hand,the fragmented landscape (Fig.1(J))has no significant ecological benefits for biodiversity conrvation.A landscape pattern (Fig.1(K))that has many lobes and coves (i.e.high roughness)may enhance source-sink interactions.However,this type of landscapes can be easily expod to outside disturbances becau of frequent and strong edge effects,and may change to a different type (Fig.1(L))without landscape management (as is Bibo Fengshui).
Several types of landscapes bad on the predominant spatial patterns between Feng (wind)and Sh
ui (water)can be identified to create “cognitive maps”(Choi,1991;Han,1998).A cognitive map can be created from analyzing many real pictures and paintings.
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