高考英语阅读词汇猜测之构词法
策略之 |构词法——拼接有道,轻松识别文章“陌生”单词
英语主要有三种构词法:派生、合成和转化。这三种方法不仅对于我们扩充词汇量有重要帮助,它更是一种重要的阅读策略。利用构词法可以有效地帮助我们识别文中的“陌生”单词。
1:否定词缀;意义相反
·纯否定前缀:non-,in-/im-/ir-/il-,a-,dis-,un-的意义相当于not,如non-stop(直达的),inactive
·逆转前缀: 主要有un-,dis-,de-,如unlock(解锁)
·贬义前缀:主要有mis-,如mislead(误导)
[示例] (2022·全国卷Ⅲ阅读七选五)
西晋王朝 Be sure to stay on topic and not offer irrelevant information.
分析:relevant意为“相关的”,ir-是否定前缀,由此可以推知 irrelevant意为“不相关的”。
2:程度前缀;范围有差别
·over-表示“超过,过度,太”,如oversleep(睡过头)
·out-表示“超过,过分”,如outdo(超过)
·super-表示“超过”,如supernature(超自然)
[示例] (2022·北京卷阅读B)
杨桃的英文 By the time she was 13,her company was worth millions of dollars with the invention of a super-sweet treat that could save kids’ teeth, instead of destroying them.
分析:sweet意为“甜的”,super-表示“非常的,超级的”,由此可以推知super-sweet意为“特甜的”。
3:数量前缀;多少有定量
·
uni-,mono-表示“单一”,“一”,如uniform(制服)
·bi-,ambi-表示“二,两,双”,如bicycle
·multi-表示“许多,复,多数”,如multi-media(多媒体)
·mi-表示“半”,如mi-circle(半圆)
读书手抄报全国第一名[示例] (北京卷阅读D)
People who multitask all the time may be the worst at doing two things at once,a new rearch suggests.
分析:task意为“任务”,multi-表示“许多,多数”,由此可以推知 multitask 意为“多任务”。
4:动词前缀;词义动起来
·-ify意为“转为,变为”,如beautify,simplify
·
-ize意为“使……变得……,使……化”,如modernize(使现代化),popularize
·-en意为“使……,变……”,如ripen(变成熟),widen
[示例] (2022·全国卷Ⅰ阅读C)The rearchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts.复印机
分析:commercial意为“商业的”,-ize意为“使……变得……,使……化”,由此可以推知commercialize意为“商业化”。
5:名词后缀;各种人和物
·-er/or,-eer意为“从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人”,如engineer,director
·-ess意为“女性”,如actress(女演员)
·-hood意为“时期”,如boyhood,childhood
·-ship意为“才能,状态,资格,品质等”,如leadership
·
-tion,-ion,-sion意为“状态,行动,机构等”,如action
·-ment意为“状态,行动等”,如movement
·-ness,-ity/-ty意为“状态,品质”,如happiness
·-ism意为“道义,主义,学说等”,如idealism(理想主义),impressionism
注意:-er有时也指物,如cooker炊具。
6:形容词后缀;意义各不同
大学生公租房-ful意为“充满,有”,如uful,forgetful
·-less意为“没有,无”,如speechless,harmless
·-ly意为“有……品质的”,如manly,brotherly
·-able/-ible常意为“能/可以……的”,如readable
·-ic/-ical意为“……类的,属于……的”,如historic
·-ive意为“有……属性的,有某种倾向的”,如attractive,talkative
[示例] (2022·全国卷Ⅰ七选五)Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa,small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.
分析:change意为“改变”,-able意为“能……的,可以……的”,由此可以推知 changeable意为“可改变的”。
7:英语合成词;猜词有规律
合成法也是英语构词法中的重要方法,所谓合成法就是将两个或者多个独立的词语连接在一起组成新词的方法。通过观察它们的原始意义,可以比较容易地猜出合成词的意义,但要注意它们的词性。合成词数量最多的是复合名词和复合形容词复合。
1.复合名词
不管第一个词是名词、形容词、动词还是介词,后面加上名词,组成的新词都是名词。
风水学习neck+lace=necklace项链
black+board=blackboard黑板
注意:副词+动词或者动词+副词也可以合成名词。
check(动词)+in(副词)=check-in(名词)
2.复合形容词你在何方
不管第一个词是名词还是形容词,后面加上形容词,组成的新词都是形容词。
world+wide=worldwide全世界的
home+sick=homesick想家的
icy+cold=icy-cold冰冷的
color+blind=colorblind色盲的
8:英语转化法;词性活用
英语转化法指的是词形词义不变,词性改变。主要有以下几种情况:
·动词名词相互转化:water n.水→v.浇水
·形容词转化为动词: better adj.更好的→v.改善
clean adj.清洁的→v.清洁
·形容词转化为名词:daily adj.日常的→n.日报
·副词转化为动词:down adv.向下→v.打倒,放下
[示例] (2022·全国卷Ⅰ阅读A)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington,D.C.
分析:view常用作名词“视野,观点”,此处后有宾语,故用作动词,意为“观看”。
习题训练
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