The Gerund
Seeing (e) is believing.
Having solved (solve) this difficult question made her very happy.
Being invited (invite) to the party is a great honor.
Having been defeated (defeat) by such a weak team made the players very upt.
1. 定义：
动名词是英语动词的一种非谓语形式。动名词的构成：动词加上ing 构成。顾名思义，动名词有双重功能。它既有名词的特点---可作句子的主语，动词和介词的宾语；也有动词的特点---可以有自己的宾语和状语。
First, exchange a “Hello” or “Hi” with the foreigner, but at the same time, pay clo attention and e if he feels like chatting.
That’s the cue for you to stop moving on.
Making small talk can be one of life’s pleasures.
金钱草的功效与作用
2. 动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语。
1) 作主语
① 直接位于句首做主语。
. _____D_____ clean is a safeguard against dia.
A. To be keeping B. Kept C. Keep D. Keeping
读书是一种艺术。
Reading is an art.
爬山是真有趣。
Climbing mountains is really fun
.
② 动名词作主语，除了放在句首，有时先用it作形式主语，把动名词置于句末。这种用法在习惯句型中常用。如：
It is no u/no good crying over spilt milk. 洒掉的牛奶哭也没用。
It is a waste of time persuading such a person to join us. 劝说这样的人加入真是浪费时间。
It is fun playing with children. 和孩子们一起玩真好。
孙寅贵注：动名词作主语与动词不定式作主语的比较
陈文茜
动词不定式和动名词都可以用作主语。在意义上相近。但动名词多用来表示泛指或抽象动作，不定式多用来表示特指或具体动作。比较：
Smoking is not good for health.
It is not good for you to smoke so much.
2)作宾语
Some foods are eaten without ______B______.
A. well absorbing B. being well absorbed
C. absorbing D. well absorbed
① 作动词的宾语
某些动词后只能用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有：admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, celebrate, enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, delay, deny, escape, excu, forgive, involve, mention, pardon, postpone, risk, practi, resist, suggest等。
They went on walking and never stopped talking. 他们继续走，说个不停。
I found it pleasant walking along the ashore. 在海滩上走真是乐事
② 作介词的宾语
如：be/get ud to, devote…to…, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to，object to，lead to，be committed to,等。
We are thinking of making a new plan for the next term.
我们正考虑为下学期制定新的计划。
Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work?
我们休息呢还是开始干活？
在一些固定句型中,动名词作介词宾语,其中介词有时可以省掉。常用结构有:
have trouble/difficulty (in)doing sth.; prevent/stop sb. (from) doing sth.;
spend (waste) time (in) doing sth. ;
面膜敷多久效果最好 如: Do you have any trouble (in)有关清明节的诗 finding the post office?
注：be + adj.+ doing. 的习惯用法。
这种曲子很值得多听几遍。
The music is well worth listening to more than once.
我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet.
3)作表语
你的任务就是擦窗户。
Your task is cleaning the windows. (Cleaning the windows is your task.)
表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。
我最痛恨的就是被别人嘲笑。
What I hate most is being laughed at. (Being laughed at is what I hate most.)
4) 作定语
洗衣机
a washing machine=a machine for washing=a machine which is ud for washing
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。(辨析：现在分词作定语)如：
✧a walking stick ＝a stick for walking=a stick which is ud for walking
✧a walking dictionary=a dictionary that is walking （活字典）
a swimming pool=a pool for swimming=a pool which is ud for swimming
a swimming girl=a girl that is swimming
3. 动名词的时态、语态、主谓一致以及否定式
| 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
一般现在时 | doing | being done |
现在完成时 | having done | having been done |
| | |
当动名词作主语时，谓语动词一定要用单数。
Helping the poor is a good deed.
其否定形式是在doing前加上not.
装饰教室4. 动名词的逻辑主语
________ the meeting himlf gave them a great deal of encouragement.
A. The president will attend B. The president to attend
C. The president attended D. The president’s attending
(D)
当动名词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词 所有格，这便构成了动名词的复合结构，其可作主语、宾语、表语等。如：
Her coming to help encouraged all of us.
他来帮忙鼓舞了我。
Jane’s being careless caud so much trouble.
简这么粗心惹来了不少麻烦。
What’s troubling them is their not having enough food.
烦扰他们的是食物不足。
尖椒变蛋的做法在口语中，如果动名词复合结构作宾语，其中的物主代词常用人称代词宾格，名词所有格常用名词普通格来代替，但在句首作主语时不能这样来代替。如：
Would you mind my/me using your computer? 用下你的电脑介意吗？
The father insisted on his son’s/his son going to college. 爸爸坚决要求儿子上大学。
Mary’s (不可用Mary) being ill made her mother upt. 玛丽病了，使她妈妈很着急。
His (不可用Him)smoking made his family angry. 他抽烟使他一家人非常生气。
5. 有些词后面加不定式和动名词均可
如：remember, forget, try, stop, go on, mean，但意义截然不同。
remember to do/doing：
①I remember to post the letters.（指将要做的动作）
②I remembered posting/having posted the letters.（我记得做过这个动作）
forget与remember的用法类似。
regret的用法：
①I regret to inform you that…（我很遗憾地通知你……）
②I regretted having left the firm.（后悔离开了公司。）
