介绍成都Influence of Genetically modified Soya大豆 on the Birth-Weight and Survival of Rat Pups仔
Abstract
1 Investigation of the influence of GM soya on the birthrate and survival of the offspring 后代of Wistar rats2 were performed. A group of female rats were fed GM soya flour before mating 交配and pregnancy. The control group of females were fed traditional soya and the third group of females, the positive control group, received feed without any soya. The weight and the mortality死亡 rate of the newborn pups were analyzed. The study showed that there was a very high rate of pup mortality (55.6%) in the GM soya group in comparison with the control group and the positive control group (9% and 6.8% respectively. Moreover, death in the first group continued during lactation哺乳, and the weights of the survivors are lower tho from the other two groups. It was revealed in the experiments, that GM soya could have a negative influence on the offspring of Wistar rats.
Introduction
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2 The term genetically modified organism (GMO3治愈s) refers to plants, microbes and animals with genes transferred from other species in order to produce certain novel characteristics (for example resistance to pests, or herbicides) and are produced by recombinant DNA technology. Four main sources of the hazards危险 of GMO are discusd by scientists worldwide: 1) tho due to the new genes, and gene products introduced; 2) unintended effects inherent内在的 to the technology; 3) interactions between foreign genes and host genes; and 4) tho arising from the spread of the introduced genes by ordinary cross-pollination文件中转站异花授粉 as well as by horizontal gene transfer (World Scientists’ Statement 2000).
3 GM crops contain material, which is not prent in them under natural conditions, and they form a part of our daily diet. To understand what effect they can have on us and on our animals it is vitally important to study the influence of the GM plants in different organisms for veral generations. At the prent, the studies are lacking from the scientific literature. Also, veral detrimental effects of GM crops had been showed on the metabolism of animals. The hazard of genetically modified organisms (GMO) was sho
wn for animals and the environment in many investigations (Traavik 1995; Ho and Tapper 1997; Pusztai 1999 and 2001; Kuznetcov et al. 2004 and others).Earlier it was shown that consumption of GM food by animals led to the negative changes in their organisms. Experiments, conducted by A. Pusztai showed that potatoes modified by the inrtion of the gene of the snowdrop lectin4 (an incticidal proteins), stunted the growth of rats, significantly affected some of their vital organs, including the kidneys, thymus, gastrocnemius muscle and others (1998) and damaged their intestines and their immune system (Ewen and Pusztai 1999). Similar effect of GM potatoes on rats was obtained at Institute of Nutrition in Russia (Ermakova 2005).
4 It is put forward in the risk asssment documents that the GM components of transformed plants are completely destroyed in the digestive tract of humans and animals, together with the other genetic material found in them. However, foreign DNA plasmids5 会计实训报告are steadier against the digestion than it was originally believed. Plasmid DNA and GM DNA were found in microorganisms of the intestine and in saliva (Mercer et al. 1998; Coghlan 2002). Experimental rearches in mice showed that ingested foreign DN
A can persist in fragmented form in the gastrointestinal tract, penetrate the intestinal wall, and reach the nuclei of leukocytes, spleen and liver cells (Schubbert et al. 1994). In another rearch of Schubbert et al. (1998) the plasmid containing the gene for the green fluorescent protein6 (pEGFP-C1) or bacteriophage M13 DNA were fed to pregnant mice. Foreign DNA, orally ingested by pregnant mice, was discovered in blood (leukocytes), spleen, liver, heart, brain, testes and other organs of foetus and newborn animals. The authors considered that maternally ingested foreign DNA could be potential mutagens for the developing fetus. At the same time Brake and Evenson (2004) analyzing the testis in mice as a nsitive biomonitor of potential toxic, didn’t find negative effects of transgenic soybean diet on fetal, postnatal, puber talor adult testicular development.
5 There is a lack of investigations on the influence of GM crops on mammals, especially on their reproductive function. Therefore, it was decided that we undertake a study to e the effect of the most commonly ud GM crop on the birth rate, mortality and weight gain of rat pups, who mother were fed diets supplemented with the Roundup- Ready soya, a kind of GM food.
Methods桑迪亚哥
Animals
6 安卓是什么手机Wistar rats were ud in the experiment. The animals were brought up to xual maturity on laboratory rat feed. When their weight reached about 180-200g, the female rats were divided into 3 groups, and houd in groups (3 rat/cage), and kept under normal laboratory conditions.
7 The feeding scheme was as follows. Females in every cage daily received dry pellets from a special container placed on the top of their cage. Tho rats receiving soya flour supplement, were given the soya flour in a small container placed inside their cage (20g x 40 ml water) for three rats and, so 5-7g flour for each rat every day.
Experiment
8 One group of female rats of 180-200g weight was allocated to the experimental group, and received 5-7 soy a flour/rat/day prepared from Roundup-Ready soya, added t
o the rat feed for two weeks. Another group females (3) were allocated to the control group, but their diet was supplemented with the same amount of soya flour, prepared from the traditional soya in which only traces (0.08+ 0.04%) of the GM construct was prent, most likely resulting from cross-contamination. We also introduced a positive control group (in two cages: 3x3), which had not been expod to soya flour. Therefore females have only got the standard laboratory feed without any supplementation, although it is acknowledged that the energy and protein content of this diet was less than in the other two groups.腐竹木耳怎么炒
