现代语言学
1 language: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication.
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1 interlanguage:The type of language produced by nonnative speakers in the process of learning a cond language or foreign language.
1 Linguistics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language
2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are ud in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants
3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and ud in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.红油鸡块>脱掉校服
4 Morphology 形态学:The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5 Syntax 句型: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form ntences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”
6 Semantics语义学: The study of meaning in language is called mantics. For example,:The al could not be found.The zoo keeper became worried.” The al could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word al means different things.
7 Pragmatics语用学: The study of meaning in context of u is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.
二 音系学
1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are ud in linguistic communication is called phonetics.
山河情2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and ud in communication is called phonology.
薏米怎么做好吃3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we u when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or gement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.
4 Phoneme音素: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
5 allophone同位音: The different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.
6 Complementary distribution: The two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.
7 Minimal pair: 早安问候语正能量简短When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
10 intonation朗诵纳新是什么意思: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the ntence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}
三 形态学
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1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.
3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.
4 morpheme词素: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of
meaning and can be ud freely all by themlces or in combination with other morphemes.
6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be ud independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
7 root: A root is often en as part of a word; it can never stand by itlf although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.
8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.
9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.
10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cas change its part of speech.
11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.
12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words.
四 句法学
1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
2 ntence : A ntence is a structurally independent unit that usually compris a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.
