现代语言学
一绪论
1 Linguisitics : Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language
2 Phonetics : The study of sounds which are ud in linguistics communication is called phonetics.For example,vowels and consonants手工灯笼制作教程
3 Phonology” : The study of how sounds are put together and ud in communication is called phonology.For example,phone,phoneme,and allophone.
4 Morphology :The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology.For example,boy and “ish”---boyish,teach---teacher.
5 Syntax : The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form ntences is called syntax.For esample,”John like linguistics.”
6 Semantics: The study of meaning in language is called mantics. For example,:The al could not be f ound.The zoo keeper became worried.” The al could not be found,The king became worried.” Here the word al means different things.
7 Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context of u is called pragmatics.For example, “I do” The word do means different context.
8 Sociolinguistics: The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.For example,regional dialects,social variation in language.
9Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference to workings of mind is called psycholinguistics.我爱学校手抄报
二音系学
1 Phonetics: The study of sounds that are ud in linguistic communication is called phonetics.
2 Phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and ud in communication is called phonology.
3 Phone: Phone can be simply defined as the speech sounds we u when speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or gement. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning; some do,some don’t.
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4 Phoneme: Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.
5 allophone: The different phones which can reprent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme.
6 Complementary distribution: The two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.
7 Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gement which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.
8 Stress: When a certain syllable of a word is stresd, it means that the syllable is prounced with great force than the other or others.
9 tones: Tones are pitch variation, which are caud by the different rates of vibration of the vocal cords. Pitch variations can distinguish meaning just like phoneme;
therefore, the tone is a supragemental feature.
10 intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the ntence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation. Intonation plays an important role in conveying meaning in almost every language,especially in a language like English{$isbest}
三形态学
1 morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammer which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2 inflectional morphology: Inflectional morphology studies the inflections of word-formation.
3 derivational morphology: Derivational morphology is the study of word-formation.营商环境报告
4 morpheme: Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
5 free morpheme: Free morpheme are the morphemes which are independent units of meaning and can be ud freely all by themlces or in combination with other morphemes.
6 bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be ud independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
7 root: A root is often en as part of a word; it can never stand by itlf although it bears clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form
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8 affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational.
9 prefix: Prefix occur at the beginning of a word.
10 suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cas change its part of speech.
11 derivation: Derivation affixes are added to an existing form to creat a word.Derivation can be viewed as the adding of affixes to stem to form nes words.
12 compounding: Like derivation, compounding is another popular and important way of forming new words in English. Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to creat new words. {$isbest}
四句法学
1 linguistic competence: Comsky defines competence as the ideal ur’s knowledge of the rules of his language,and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.
2 ntence : A ntence is a structurally independent unit that usually compris a number of words to form a complete statement question or command.
3 transformation rules: Syntactic movement is governed by transformational rules. The operation of the transformational rules may change the syntactic reprentation of a ntence.
4 D-structure : A ntence may have two levels of syntactic reprentation. One exists before movement take place, the other occurs after movement take place. In formal linguistic exploration, the two syntactic reprentation are commonly termed as D-structure.
5 Move а : Just as there is a general rule for all phra structure rules,i,e. the X-bar schema, there is a general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement. This movement rule is called Move а
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矢口否认的意思五语义学
1 mantics: Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning in language.
2 n : Sen is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized.
3 reference : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
4 synonymy : Synonymy refers to the sameness or clo similarity of meaning. Words that are clo in meaning are called synonymy.
5 polymy : Polymy refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.A word having more than one meaning is called a polymic word.
6 antonymy : Antonymy refers to the oppositeness of meaning. Words that are opposite in meaning are called antonyms.
7 homonymy :Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same different words are identical in sound or spelling, or
