Geology and Landscape
1. 核心词汇总结
dynamic 动态的
principal 主要的
terrain 地形
不锈钢型号大全表epitome 象征，缩影
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permanence 永久
relic 遗迹，废墟
comparatively 比较地
altitude 高度
dimentary rocks 沉积岩
fracture 折断，破裂
lava 火山熔岩
extinct volcanoes 死火山
be subjected to 遭受，受...的影响
fragment 碎片
penetrate 渗透，穿透
ep 渗出
shatter 打碎，削弱
glacier 冰川
bombard 轰炸，炮击
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wear 磨损
2. 长难句总结
(1) Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.
(2) Some mountains were formed as a result of the plates crashing into each other and forcing up the rock at the plate margins.
(3) Carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the rainwater, forming a weak acid (carbonic acid) that may chemically attack the rocks.
(4) Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and the slowly moving mass of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris.
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P1: two influences
Most people consider the landscape to be unchanging, but Earth is a dynamic(动态的) body, and its surface is continually altering-slowly on the human time scale, but relatively rapidly when compared to the great age of Earth (about 4,500 billion years). There are two principal (主要的)influences that shape the terrain着怎么组词(地形): constructive process清华大学校内 such as uplift, which create new landscape features, and destructive forces such as erosion, which gradually wear away expod landforms.
P2: relatively short-lived
Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome(象征，缩影) of permanence(永久), successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms(从地质学的角度来讲). As a general rule(一般来说), the higher a mountain is, the more recently it was formed; for example, the high mountains of the Himalayas are only about 50 million years old. Lower mountains tend to be older, and are often the eroded relics关于中秋节的词语(遗迹，废墟) of much higher mountain chains. Ab
春季补钙out 400 million years ago, when the prent-day continents of North America and Europe were joined, the Caledonian mountain chain was the same size as the modern Himalayas. Today, however, the relics of the Caledonian orogeny (mountain-building period) exist as the comparatively(比较地) low mountains of Greenland, the northern Appalachians in the United States, the Scottish Highlands, and the Norwegian coastal plateau.
P3: Constructive force：plate crashing；earthquake；volcanic activity
The Earth's crust is thought to be divided into huge, movable gments, called plates, which float on a soft plastic layer of rock. 1. Some mountains were formed as a result of the plates crashing into each other and forcing up the rock at the plate margins. In this process, dimentary rocks (沉积岩)that originally formed on the abed may be folded upwards to altitudes(高度) of more than 26,000 feet. 2. Other mountains may be raid by earthquakes, which fracture(破裂，折断) the Earth's crust and can displace enough rock to produce block mountains. 3. A third type of mountain may be formed as a result of
volcanic activity which occurs in regions of active fold mountain belts, such as in the Cascade Range of western North America. The Cascades are made up of lavas(火山熔岩) and volcanic materials. Many of the peaks are extinct volcanoes(死火山).
