Chapter 3 Lexicon
3.1 What is Word?
As different criteria may identity and define different phenomena, it is hard to define “word” scientifically. However, it is agreed that there are three ways of defining “word”, though they can’t cover everything
.3.11 Three Sens of “WORD”
reference: 指称论（the relationship between symbols and the things in outside world that refers to）
Sen: 词与词的关系（u other words to explain a word, just as we look up the dictionary to find the meaning of a word）
绿色小卫士(1)A physical definable unit
Language is produced as a continuous stretch of speech or writing, but one can still paus
and blanks every now and then. Thus, word maybe en as a t of sound gments or writing letters between two paus or blanks. For example: It is wonderful.
Phonological: /it is wandәful/
Orthographic: it’s wonderful
(2) Word both as a general term and as a specific term
Word may be ud both as a general term (then boy and boys are just one word) and as specific terms ( boys and boy are two words). For example:
Write/writes/wtote/writing/written
(3) A grammatical unit
The grammar of a language contains a t of layers, and word is one of them. ( rank-----hierarchical scale 等级)
Clau complex---clau---phra/ word group---word---morpheme
如何退火车票
3.1.2 Identification of words
(1) Stability: A word can’t be rearranged, but a ntence can.
Word: nothingness **nessnothing(F)
Sentence: a. John is a clever boy
白采
b. A clever boy John is
田震个人资料简介(2) Relative uninterruptibility: A word can’t be parates or inrted with other elements, but a ntence can.
Word: disappointment *dis(#)appoint(#)ment
Sentence: Paul, (Jane) and Rebecca are my classmates.
(3) A minimum free form: Word is the smallest unit that can be ud, by itlf, as a complete utterance.
带动物的四字成语
Expression: ---Is Jane coming this evening?
--- Possibly
Exception: ----what is missing in a ntence such as ”Dog is barking ”
----- A
3.1.3 Classification of Word
(1) Variable and invariable words
Word including ①variable words (having inflective changes. E.g. follow/follows/followed/following)
②invariable words (not having inflective changes. E.g. since, when, hello)
(2) Grammatical words(虚词) and lexical words（实词）
①Grammatical words, known as FOUNCTION WORDS, mainly work for constructing gr
oup, phra, clau, clau, complex clau, such as conj., prep, articles, pron..
②Lexical words, known as CONTENT WORDS, mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as noun, verb, adj., adv.
(3) Clod- class and opened-class words
①Clod-class word is one who membership is fixed or limited, this kind of words can’t easily odd or deduce a new member. such as pronouns, prep, articles and others.
②Opened-class word is one who membership is in principle or unlimited. As noun, verb, adjective, adv.
③exception: auxiliary verbs some preposition(regarding, by means of)
(4) Word class
⑴9 word class: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection, and article.
⑵other word class:
①Particles(小品词，语助词88什么意思): e.g. infinite marker “to”; negative marker “not”
②Auxiliaries(助词)：什么的元宵节can，has, ems
③Pro-form(代动词)：pro-adj(so is mine); pro-v(did); pro-adv(so);pro-locative(there)
④Determiners(限定词)：
a. Pre-determiners: all, both, half, twice
b. Central-determiners: this, tho, every, no, either, your
c. Post-determiners: cardinal numerals(基数)，ordinal numerals(序数)，general ordinals(next, last, other, veral, little, a great deal of)
3.2 The Formation of Word
3.2.1 Morpheme and Morphology
生炒猪肚①Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in language.
②Morphology is the study of morpheme and a branch of linguistics. It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.
3.2.2 Types of Morphemes
(1) Free morpheme and bound morpheme
①Free morpheme can make up words by itlf.(dog, nation)
②Bound morpheme must appear with at least another morpheme. (-dis, -ed)
(2) Root, affix, and stem
①Root is the ba form of a word that cannot be further be analyed without destroying its meaning
(NOTICES: a. Root can be free morpheme or bound morpheme.
b. I t can be bound morpheme, such as –ceive in conceive and perceive; -mit in commit and permit.
