法律英语中的拉丁语词汇Latin Words in Legal English
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ab initio （自始，例：void ab initio 自始无效）from the beginning
ad hoc （特别；特定；为某一目的特设，例：ah hoc committee 特设委员会；临时委员会；专门委员会）for this purpo
ad litem （专为某一诉讼目的；例：agent ad litem诉讼代理人）for the lawsuit
a fortiori（更加，更不必说） according to Webster: "with greater reason or more convincing force -- ud in drawing a conclusion that is inferred to be even more certain than another." Example: If it is a violation of the nding state's rights to arrest its consular official, then a fortiori it would be a violation to arrest its ambassador.
a posteriori（经验的；归纳的；后验的） from effect to cau; from particular to general; inductive (bad on obrvation or experience).
a priori（先验的；演绎的） from cau to effect; from generalization to particular; deductive; presuppod by or reasoning from lf-evident propositions (bad on theory rather than practice).
amicus curiae（法庭之友） "friend of the court"; a person with a strong interest in or views on the subject matter of a given legal action may petition the court for permission to file a brief, ostensibly on behalf of a party but actually to suggest a rationale consistent with its own views. Such amicus curiae briefs are commonly filed in appeals concerning matters of a broad public interest. Example: NPC of Iran v. M/T Stolt Sheaf ca
contra legem（违反法律） "against the law" (term ud to describe an equitable decision of a court or tribunal that is contrary to the law governing the controversy. Such a decision would not normally be permitted unless the tribunal had been empowered to act ex aequo et bono). As oppod to intra legem.
de facto（事实；事实上） in fact (as oppod to in law, de jure)
de lege ferenda（根据拟议法） what the law ought to be (as oppod to what the law is, lex lata).
de lege lata（根据现行法）what the law is (as oppod to what the law ought to be, de lege ferenda).
de jure（法理上；法律上） in law (as oppod to in fact, de facto).
dolus specialis （特殊目的）special intent. In international humanitarian law, genocide is considered unique becau of the special intent to destroy in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group.
erga omnes（对所有国家；普遍适用；对国际社会整体。例：obligation erga omnes 对国际社会整体的义务；对世义务）"toward all" wrongful acts that harm everyone and not simply one injured party)
ex aequo et bono （根据公允及善意原则；本着公平与正义的精神） a judgment bad on considerations of fairness, not on considerations of existing law. Such a judgment is rendered "beside" or "against the law" (praeter legem or contra legem), not within the law (infra legem or intra legem). Example: Article 38(2) of the I.C.J. Statute permits the Court to render a judgment on the grounds
ex proprio motu（出于自愿的；出自本意的） on its own accord.
ex proprio vigore（由于本身的力量）by its own strength / of its own force. A law or a treaty may be binding ex proprio vigore, or on its own. If an international law is not binding ex proprio vigore in domestic law, then legislative action is needed. A treaty that requires domestic legislation is referred to as a non-lf-executing treaty.
forum conveniens （便利法庭；合适的裁判地）convenient forum. The court is convenient to hear a ca and has jurisdiction. The doctrine of forum non conveniens ("inconvenient forum") allows a court to refur to adjudicate a ca on grounds of inconvenience.
forum non conveniens（不便利法庭；非方便裁判地） inconvenient forum.
in pari delicto（同等过错；互有过失）equally wrong. One party is as much at fault as the opposing party.
in pari materia（以相同方式）on like subject matter; same manner. typically ud in regards to statutes which relate the same thing or person.
in personam （对人）against the person. Jurisdiction over the person of an individual.
in rem （对物）“in a thing”. In a lawsuit, an action in re m is directed towards some specific piece of property,
安全教育绘画in statu nascendi （在新生状态/初始状态/原初状态中）in its original form / in birth status / being just born. Under international law, this term generally is ud to refer to a nascent state or a political entity eking recognition of statehood. It also is ud to refer to emergent laws, rules, or principles
of customary international law.
inter alia （在其他事项外；此外） among other things.写景文章
intra legem（法内） "within the law" (term ud to describe an equitable decision of a court or tribunal that is consistent with the rules of law governing the controversy). As oppod to contra legem.
inter arma silent leges (战争的时候无法律可言；战时法律暂停生效) in time of war, the laws are silent
ipso facto （根据事实本身；事实使然） by the fact (or act) itlf.
ipso jure （依照法律；根据法律）by the law itlf
jus（法；权利）law or the body of law
jus ad bellum（诉诸战争权）Right to War. When and under what conditions is war ever justifiable? Jus ad bellum ts the boundaries for the u of force. War was denounced in the 1919 Covenant of the League of Nations and the 1928 Treaty of Paris (Briand-Kellogg Pact). The UN Charter adopted in 1945 states: "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or u of forc
e against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purpos of the United Nations." Article 2(4). The Charter authorizes the u of force in lf defen. Article 51. See Chapter VII and Chapter VIII for more provisions. Compare jus ad bellum (right to u force) with jus in bello (conduct during war).上眼睑肿
jus civile（市民法） law created within each country. Jus civile is one of two categories of law in formal Roman law, along with jus gentium.
如何是好jus cogens（强制性法规；强制法；绝对法）"compelling law," peremptory principles of international law that cannot be overriden by specific treaties between countries; that is: norms that admit of no derogation; they are binding on all states at all times (e.g., prohibitions on aggression, slavery, and genocide)..
jus gentium （万民法） "law of peoples" or "law of tribes," a body of law developed by a Roman praetor peregrinus; applied to non-Romans in the Empire and to dealings between Romans and non-Romans. Jus gentium is one of two categories of law in formal Roman law, along with jus civile.
jus gentium privatum（国际私法）Private International Law
jus gentium publicum（国际公法）Public International Law
jus in bello（战时法）Justice in War. The principles govern the conduct of parties during the law of war and armed conflict, and in a broader n define the rights and obligations of neutral parties. The basic legal frameworks include, but are not limited to: the 1907 Hague Conventions and Regulations; Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the 1977 Protocols I and II; the 1925 Geneva
Gas Protocol; the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention; the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention; the 1980 Conventional Weapons Convention; and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention. See also jus ad bellum.
jus inter gentes （国家间法） "law among peoples" (nations).羊头汤
jus naturale（自然法） law of nature. The classical Greeks originated the "natural law" idea, but it was greatly elaborated upon by the Romans, including Marcus Aurelius and Cicero; natural law scholars argue that law has a metaphysical source (God, nature) and is apprehensible by rational humans; the law transcends tiem, place, and circumstance
jus sanguines（血统主义；儿童国籍决定于父母国籍的惯例；根据血统决定国籍的原则）the "right of blood" or "law of descent" : at birth an individual acquires the nationality of her or his parents. In contrast to jus soli.
jus soli（出生地主义；儿童国籍决定于他的出生地的惯例；根据出生地决定国籍的原
则） the "law (or right) of the soil" - the legal principle that an individual's nationality is determined by that person's place of birth (that is, the territory of a given state). Contrast to jus sanguines
lacunae（漏洞；“法律的间隙”） "holes" in the law; a gap or blank in a writing.
lex communis（普通法） the common law; the body of law developed by human practice.学雷锋活动
lex ferenda（拟议法；应有法）what the law ought to be
lex lata（现有法律；现行法） what the law is
lex loci （所在地法）law of the place. The notion that the rights to a legal proceeding are governed by the law of the place where tho rights aro.
lex posterior derogat priori （后法优于前法；孰后优先）more recent law prevails over (abrogrates, overrrules, trumps) an inconsistent earlier law. One test that is applied in circumstances when (1) both customary and treaty sources of law exist and (2) the two sources cannot be construed consistently. Contrast to lex specialis derogat generali .
lex scripta （成文法） written, "black letter" law
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lex specialis derogat generali（特别法优于一般法；特别法优先）specific law prevails over (abrogrates, overrrules, trumps) general law. One test that is applied in circumstances when (1) both customary and treaty sources of law exist and (2) the two sources cannot be construed consistently. Contrast to lex posterior derogat priori.
locus delicti（不法行为地；犯罪地）The place of the offen.
male captus, bene detentus（以不恰当手段抓捕的罪犯可以合法拘押）"badly captured, well detained," the legal principle that permits the trial of an improperly ized defendant; in U.S. practice, articulated by the "Ker-Frisbie doctrine"
malum in （不法） inherently wrong. An act that is wrong by its nature, regardless of specific prohibition against it.
malum prohibitum（法律禁止的不法行为）prohibited, as by law. An act that is wrong becau it is expressly prohibited by law.
mare clausum （领海；闭海） clod as; as oppod to mare liberum (freedom of the as)
mare liberum （公海） freedom of the as; as oppod to mare clausum (clod as)
mutatis mutandis （加以必要的变通；比照；参照） "when what must be changed has been changed," after making the necessary changes; with alterations to fit the new circumstances. For example: "The new provisions governing the tribunal's operations are to apply as well to the court's operations, mutatis mutandis.
non liquet （法律欠缺；不予裁决） the law is insufficient to provide a decision
nunc pro tunc （事后补正）now for then. Refers to actions that may be taken with retroactive effect.
opinio juris sive necessitatis（法律必要确信） (or simply, opinio juris) the perception that a given behavior is required by law, that it is legally obliged, a duty. (as oppod to behaviors that are motivated by other concerns, or simply random or habitual behavior). Example: the S.S. Lotus ca.
pacta sunt rvanda （有约必守） the doctrine that agreements must be obrved (that is: honored, obeyed). Contrast to rebus sic stantibus.
per curiam （经由法庭；法院意见；法庭整体意见）by the court. An opinion written by the court with no identified author.
persona non grata （不受欢迎的人） An unwelcome person -- this is the basis of expulsion in diplomatic exchanges.
praetor peregrinus（外事裁判官）the Roman magistrate who devid the rules of the jus gentium
