Realism
Realism is applied by literary critics in two diver ways:
1) to identify a movement in the writing of novels during the 19th century that included Balzac in France, George Eliot in England and William Dean Howells in America.
2) to designate a recurrent mode, in various eras and literary forms, of reprenting human life and experience in literature.
Features of Realism
Realistic fiction is often oppod to romantic fiction.
Realistic fiction is written to give the effect that it reprents life and the social world as it ems to the common reader, evoking the n that its characters might in fact exist, and that such thing might well happen.
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To achieve this, realists may or may not be lective in subject matter, but render their materials in ways that make them em the very stuff of ordinary experience.
American Realism
to portray American life as it really was
The realists had what Henry James called “a powerful impul to mirror the unmitigated realities of life.”
originated in France, called for “reality and truth”
first appeared in the literature of local color.
“Nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”
嘲王历阳不肯饮酒The international theme
the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence, and it moral and psychological complications
Local Colorism
the late 1860s and early venties
the 1880s
the turn of the century
Fiction or ver which emphasizes its tting, being concerned with the character of a district or of an era, as marked by its customs, landscape, costumes, dialect, or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influences.
Naturalism
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⏹ A new and harsher realism, an outgrowth of 19th century scientific thought, a余罪资源
nd stems from French literature.
⏹ naturalists attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, prenting characters of low social and economic class who were dominated by their environment and heredity.
Naturalist beliefs
⏹ Men devoid of the freedom of choice are incapable of shaping their own destinies;
⏹ Men are helpless and insignificant in a cold and indifferent world;
感恩怀德⏹ Men’s lack of dignity in face of environment and heredity
American Naturalism
⏹ it had been shaped by the war, by the social upheavals that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age, and by the disturbing teachings of Charles Darwi
n.
⏹ American naturalist writers: Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Jack London, Henry Adams, Theodore Dreir
⏹ 电影奖项The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded their works.
Imagism
Imagism was a poetic vogue that flourished in England and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917.
The imagist proposals were for a poetry which, abandoning conventional poetic materials and versification, is free to choo any subject and to create its own rhythms, us common speech, and prents an image or vivid nsory description that is hard, clear, and concentrated
Modern Literature (1914-1939)
什么马奔腾成语The era between the two world wars, marked also by the trauma of the great economic depression beginning in 1929, was that of the emergence of Modern Literature. This period has been marked by persistent and multi-dimensioned experiments in subject matter and form, and has produced major achievements in all the literary genres. .
Features
most critics agree that it involves a deliberate and radical break with the traditional bas both of Western culture and of Western art. Important intellectual precursors of modernism, in this n, are thinkers who questioned the certainties that had hitherto provided a support to social organization, religion, morality, and the conception of the human lf
Avant-garde
A prominent feature of modernism
By violating accepted conventions and decorum; they undertake to create ever-new artistic forms and styles and to introduce hitherto neglected, and often forbidden, subject matters. Frequently avant-garde artists reprent themlves as "alienated" from the established order, against which they asrt their own autonomy; their aim is to shock the nsibilities of the conventional reader and to challenge the norms and pieties of bourgeois culture.
