高考英语中的偏点--强调句型
高考英语中的偏点--强调句型
在历年的高考英语中，强调句型都是一个重要的考点。对于这个句型，一线的英语老师﹑考试命题者以及广大的考生们都十分关注,惟恐有失。究其原因，我们认为：首先，强调句型是英语中常见的语言现象，而且在平常的考试中（比如各省﹑市﹑校调研考试）此类题出得大都较难。另一个重要原因是，近年来的高考英语阅读文章难度加大，句式越来越复杂，迫使老师们不得不对重难点句型及其相互关系甚至是考法作更宽泛更深入地探究，以期把握此中规律以便学生能更顺利地应考。
一．点“道”为止
▲强调句型的基本结构：
成人高考复习资料It is/was +被强调部分+that-clau.
结论：强调句型结构比较简单。在英语中，该句型除了不能用来强调谓语外，其他大部分语言单位皆可被强调。质而言之, 主语，宾语，补足语，状语，定语等都可被强调（一般而论，语义较弱的语言单位不宜被强调）。不过要注意的是，该句型只接受It is/was +被强调部分+that-clau这一说法只是从教学以及测试的角度来讲的。因为，英美人士也用which 或其他词汇，甚至结构亦有所改变，但那不是本节要讨论的了。
▲强调句型的基本应用：
原句：Tom cleaned the classroom yesterday with Jean.坨坨
强调：It was Tom that/who cleaned the classroom yesterday with Jean.
It was the classroom that Tom cleaned yesterday with Jean.
It was yesterday that Tom cleaned the classroom with Jean.
It was with Jean that Tom cleaned the classroom.
结论：仔细分析一下原句与各强调句的关系我们不难发现这样一个秘密：若去掉It was that三词，则各强调句恢复为原句。这说明It was that不仅具有语法功能，起到强调的作用，而且还具有符号功能。即：若有此三词，则有理由判断某句为强调句型；反过来，若某句为强调句型，则必有此三词。可以说这个“金三点”是判别和应对强调句型的不二法门。
▲ 强调句型的各种考法
1. 疑问法：疑问法可分为一般疑问法,特殊疑问法和疑问词序法三种。主要是通过改变语序后将it和that混在一块儿，使考生对结构无法辨认而出错。这一招对提高考生的纠错能力有很强的测试功效。
一般疑问法：
a. Is student was caught smoking in the classroom?
A. it that, that B. that it, it
C. it it, that D. it which, that (key: A)
特殊疑问法：a. ________ he got up?
《风雨哈佛路》A. When was that it B. Was it when that
C. When was it that D. Was that when it (key: C)
b. Where is it that he picked the wallet?
c. What was it that he did?
d. Who was it that he taught?
e. Which/Who student is it that you referred to?
疑问词序法：I don’t know _______ that you stay here.
A. how long it is B. how long is it
C. it is how long D. is it how long
(key: A)
结论：一要注意语序；二要注意词序（特殊疑问词要置于句首或在宾语
从句中居首），三要注意特殊疑问词的选用，疑问代词还是疑问副词。
2. 强调not until结构：
It is ________that I left for Qingdao.
A. until he came back B. not until he came back
西安简介及历史C. that he came back D. not that he came back
(key: B)
此题的命题构思是这样的：第一步是原句：
I didn’t leave for Qingdao until he came.
第二步是将否定状语从句置于句首，主句实行部分倒装：
Not until he came did I leave for Qingdao.
第三步就是强调此状语从句：
It is not until he came back that I left for Qingdao.
结论：认清结构，推断原句。
3. 相似句型法：利用句型的相似性训练考生的再认能力。请参看以下各例：
It is 20 years ago that the two friends met in Viet Nam.
（强调句型：强调时间状语，故用that）
It will be 20 years before they meet in Viet Nam.
流星陨落
（It…before…句型：时间状语从句，只用before）
It is 20 years since he came to live here.
(It is a period of time since-clau: 固定结构，只用since)
It is 20 years that he spent in writing this novel.
(强调句型：因spend一词为及物动词，故需要宾语that。但此例是一临界例句。它可能是强调句型，亦有可能是定语从句，若为定语从句则which亦可。)
It was not long before the people in Austria took up guns.
（It…before…句型：时间状语从句，只用before）
结论：先揣摩结构，再分析意思。谨慎试词，防止混淆。
4.强调主语: 强调主语时由于涉及到数的一致问题，考生往往容易被迷惑。这是一种常见的强调句型考法。请看以下二例：
⑴ It’s actually the simpler us of a camera phone
______ the most interesting. They could make photographers
of us all!
A. that are B. which are C. that is D. which is(key: A)
(主语是the simpler us, 是复数，所以要特别小心。)
⑵ _____ is it _____ has made Tom _____ he is today?
A. What, that , that B. That, that, what
C. What, what, that D. What, that, what (key: D)友谊的诗
（注意what是has made的主语，that有特殊的地位。而后面的what则是
made的宾语补足和is的表语。）
结论：认清主语，把握一致。
5. 强调从句: 理论上来讲，任何从句都可以被强调。不过实际考试中状语从句和名词从句是比较多地被强调的从句类型。往往从句被强调后，整个句式就显得十分复杂起来。设计成单项选择题时考生尤觉难以判断。此法有助于提高考生对难句的分析能力。请看下三例：
⑴ It was ______ my teacher worked _______ I work hard.
电影音乐A. where; that B. where; where
C. that ; that D. that;where (key: A)
（该句原为一个带地点状语从句的主从复合句：
I work hard where my teacher worked. 状语从句一经被强调，此句即显得复杂。有的考生甚至连句意都未能搞懂，所以，必须要有还原的本领。要领
就是去掉It was that这三个词即可。）
国际预科
⑵ It was ______ the teacher lectured in class _______ that student spoke loudly.
A. when, that B. when, when
C. that , that D. that, when
（key: A）
（此句为上例的模仿，但说的是时间状语从句，只要去掉It was that就成了。）
⑶ It was _______ the president, George Bush, would
come to visit China _____ known to us all.
A.that, what was B. which, that was
C.that, that was D. which, that were (key: C)
(此例要特别注意主语从句中原有的that引导词，另外要小心数的问题。)
结论：强调句型的根本点就是It was that , 有和没有It was that是弄清句子意思的出发点和归宿。若强调主语从句，则应注意从句的引导词，尤其是句意完整的主语从句中that的缺失。
6. 改变句式：往往命题人的灵感或思路是由某些句型的变异或者是由考生的问题激发出来的。所以我们应当有一种能力可以回溯命题人的基本构想，这样才能做到心中有数。改变句式的目的就是为了考查考生对变式的辨识能力。请看下例：
Do you happen to know ______ the old scientist was hit by a car?
A. where was it that B. where it was that
C. it was where that D. was it where that (key: B)
(首先，该强调句是作为know的宾语出现的，所以，语序是从句语序，无倒装。 但由于该强调句原为特殊疑问句，其疑问副词应置于句首。当然，还得看看“金三点”It was that是否全。)
我们再来看看命题人的思维轨迹：
原句： a. The child played in the park.
