论《资治通鉴》史论中司马光治国思想

更新时间:2023-06-25 02:20:27 阅读: 评论:0

摘要
司马光的思想主要体现在他的“臣光日”中。本文将其治国
思想进行了较为系统的发掘与阐述,以期批判地继承。其治国思
想主要表现在五个方面构成:人才思想、礼治思想、民本思想、
学院风连衣裙民族思想、理想君主观。关羽走麦城
日本小说家他认为在封建的守成和进取阶段,人才有重要的作用。选才标准:他强调要选用德才兼备的人才。选才方法:诚心致才,礼贤下士;依靠众人举才。用人原则:用人不徇私情;用人不拘门第;用人勿疑等。要从实际工作中去开考核人才。司马光的人才思想中存在片面夸大个人的作用,人才的内涵和外延很窄等缺陷。
强调治国的核心是“立政以礼”。礼的作用是巨大的,礼存则国存,礼亡则国亡。司马光所宣扬的“礼”,其中心是“忠”、“孝”。在“忠”与“孝”的关系~L,看法较为开明。司马光强调礼治,主要是三代之礼。他夸大和美化了“礼治”的作用,带有一种理想主义倾向。
司马光认为,园家必须以民为本,百姓是一一个国家的基础。民心向背决定政治兴亡。失去了民心,其
后果不堪设想。同情和理解农民的悲苦境遇。主张安抚起义农民,宽恤普天之民。司马光将爱民保民作为评价一个封建政治家是否“仁”的重要标准。主张富民,在“富民”问题上,强调了义与利的一致性。
倡扬了民族和睦观:延伸了先秦儒家“德化”思想;发展成了民族统一观。发展了民族平等观:将“四夷一家”等思想发展成少数民族也是人在人性人格上是平等的;集批“正闰论”的成果的大成。丰富了民族诚信观:将孔予“信”的原则运用于民族关系的处理中。将孟子的“气节观”、“大丈夫”精神,渗透入其民族观中,大力倡扬民族气节。
认为“国之治乱,尽在人君”。指出了明君须具备仁、明、武三德。“仁”,在于宽简临国。“明”与“武”在于至明善断。认为纳谏与政治是密切相关的。君主喜不喜欢纳谏,关系到国家的安危。刑赏是封建统治的根本手段,执行法律时必须公平。强调君主要崇俭戒奢。理想君主观是司马光开出的一剂“良方妙药,但不可能具有实际的效果。
从总体上讲,司马光的政治思想是较为稳健,是中国占代政治思想宝库中的一朵奇葩,给人启发之很多,值得我们批判的总结与继承。
关键词:司马光:人才思想;礼治思想:民本思想;民族思想;理想君主观。
Abstract
ThethoughtsOfSimaGuangmainlyembodiedinthe“whatsubjectGuang’Ssayings”.MyarticlemayexploreandexpoundthethoughtofSimaGuangabouthowtoadministeracountrysystematically.Sowe
cancarryonitcritically.ThecomponentsthoughtSimaGuangabouthowtoadministeracountryasfollow:qualifiedpersonnelthoughts;etiquetteandethicsthought;democracythoughts;nationalthoughtsidealismemperors’viewpoints.
SiMa-guangexpoundedhisqualifiedpersonnelthoughtssisterlyin
the”SubjectGuang’Sspeaking”ofZIZHITONGJIAN.Talenthadplayedagreatrolenot0nlyinthekeepingforgingaheadstagebutinthemaintainingtheachievem
entsofadynasty’Sprocessors,hethought.Thecriterionofselectingtalent:heemphasizedtherulermustselectapersonwhohasbothabilityandpoliticalintegrity.Themethodofselectingtalent:hethoughttherulermustbesincerelyandcourteouslytOthetalentandrelyontheelectingtalentbyeverybody.Theprincipleof
applyingtalent:heconsideredthatapplyingtalentshouldnotswayedby
andwithoutpersonalconsiderationsandnotconfinedinfamilystatus
suspicions.Hesaidtherulermustassesthetalentthoughthefactwork.Therearealotofshortcomingsi‘nthequalifiedpersonnelthoughtsofSiMa-guang,suchasheexaggeratedtheaffectsofthetalentunil
aterally;thecontentandextensionsareveryil、arrow.
Hethought。highlyoftheetiqueReandethics.Hestressedmecoreabout。howtoadministeracountrywas“footingstatementswithetiquetteandethics.’’TheetiqueReandethicshadplayedagreatrolein
andethicswere,therewasacountry。Ontheasociety,whereetiqueRe
otherhand,wheredidn’texistetiquetteandethics,theredidn’texista
state.ThecenteroftheetiquetteandethicsadvocatedbySimaGuangwere“staunch”and‘‘filialpiety”.Thoughtenlightenedontherelationsbetween“staunch”and“filialpiety”.whatheappreciatedwastheintegrationofthem.Theetiquetteandethicsadvocated
bySimaGuangmainlywerethatofthethreeancientdynasties’.SimaGuangexaggeratedandembellishedit.Itwasidealism.
Attachingimportancetopublics,SimaGuangheldthatcoinmonpeopleweretherootsofacountry;thecountryshouldtakepublicsasitsfoundation.Thecommonaspirationofthepeopledecidedtheriseandfallofacountry.Losingthecommonaspirationofthepeople,theconsequenceswereunthinkable.SimaGuangshowedsympathyforthemiserablesituationofthepeasantry.SimaGuangstoodforoffering
米罗亚
andenlistmenttotheuprisingpeasantsHemaintmnedtocomfortallofthepublics.AndheregardedProtectingthecommon
personandcherishthemasanimportantstandardtoaccess
at、eudal
politicianbenevolentornot.Richenthecommonpersonandbenefitingthem.Onquestionofrichenthepopular,heemphasizedtheintegritybetween‘‘righteo
usness’’and“profit”Inaword.therewerethreeveryrigorouslogicarrangementsinhisdemocracythoughts.
SimaGuangpromotedthenationalconcordviewpoint.He
deepened‘'transformofvirtue”ofConfucianinXianQinandputforwardnationalintegrationviewpoint,whichdevelopedfromHuan
KuanwhohadregardedHuaXiaandSiYiorZhongYuanandfrontierasanintegralwhole.Hedevelopednationalequalityviewpoint,whothoughtthatnationalminoritywereequalonperson—characterandhumanity,whichcamefrom‘‘SiYiaremembersofafamily’’ofTangTaiZong,andsoOn.HeepitOmizedtheachievementsofrefutingorthodoxideas.Hemadethenationalcon
fidenceviewpointrich.Heappliedthe“honestyandconfidence’’ofConfuciustOdealwithnationalrelations.Andhetookitasabasicprinciple.Hepromotedthenationalintegrityviewpoint.Astheintegrityviewpointandspiritof‘‘DaZhangfu”ofMengZiwaspermeatedthrough,SimaGuang’Snationalviewpoint,
SimaGuangadvocatednationalintegrityvigorously.
SimaGuangposedhisview:“emperordeterminatestheprosperity
anddeclineofacountry.’’Heheldthatonlywiseemperorcouldundertakethevitaltasktoarrangenationalaffairseffectively.Also.hepointedoutthepoliticalqualitiesawiseemperorshouldhave.First,theemperorshouldthreevirtues:benevolence,wisdom,andvaliant.The
“benevolence”wastodominatethecountryuncomplicated,makebenefittOlandunderheaven,andbefaithfultothecommonperson.‘‘Wisdom”and‘‘valiant”wastojudgewhat’Swrongandwhat’Srightjustly.The“benevolence”wastodominatethecountryuncomplicated,makebenefittolandunderheaven,andbefaithfultothecommonperson.“Wisdom”and“valiant'’wastOjudgewhat’Swrongandwhat’S
rightjustly.Second,acceptingremonstrationandkindwords.Inthefeudalsociety,politicwastightlytiedtoremonstrationaccepting.He
emphasizeditagainandagainthattheemperorshouldacceptremonstrationandkindwords.Third,conferreward,andinflictpunishmentimpartially.SimaGuangstressed:“rewardandpunishment”weretheradicalmethodtomanagenationalaffairsFourth,upho
ldthrift,andguardagainstluxury.ItwasagoodremedywhichprescriptbySimaGuang.
ItWaSagoedremedywhichprescfiptbySimaGuang.Butitdidn’tdoactontheemperor.
Inaword,thepoliticalthoughtsofSimaGuangwerefirm.Thereweresomeshortcomingsinthem.Butthesedefectscouldfl’tobscurethevirtues.ItWaSallexoticfloweramongthepoliticalthoughtstreasurehouseinancientChina,whichenlightenUSalot.Itworthbeinggeneralizedinheritedcritically.
Keywords:SimaGuang;qualifiedpersonnelthoughts;etiqueReandethicsthoughts;democracythoughts:nmionalthoughts;idealism
淘宝新风尚emperors’viewpoints.
论t斑治通鉴》虫论中-7码鬼的治萄思想
引言
大自然的文字>整改措施司马光(1019—1086年),字君实,陕州夏县人(令山西夏县),北宋著名的史学家、政治家。仁宗景祜』_.:五年(1038)中进士甲科。仁宗末年,官至天章阁待制,兼侍讲知谏院。英宗(1064—1067年在位)时官至龙图阁直学士。神宗(1068—1085在位)即位,任翰林学士兼侍读学十、御史中丞等职。也就是在神宗时,1fj安石(1021--1086年)变法,司马光冈极力反对m匀1永兴军。次年,改判西京御史台,不预政事,专修《资治通鉴》。哲宗(1086--1100年在位)即位后,高太后听政,司马光被召入京主持政事,任尚书左仆射,即宰相。在他任相期间,尽废新法。哲宗元祜元年(1086年)九月病逝,享年六十八岁。被迫赠温国文正公,谥弓“文正”。
荀子是什么学派《资治通鉴》是司马光和他的助手刘敏、刘恕、范祖禹等人呕心沥血十九年编纂而成的一‘部空前的编年体通史臣著。令书共㈡可九十四卷,约三百余万亨。所记历史断限,上起周威烈王二_卜二三年(公元前403年),下迄后周显德六年(公元959年),共lit2年的历史。
《资治通鉴》自诞生以来就受到了相当高的评价。
宋神宗说:“前代未尝有此书,过萄悦《汉纪》远矣。”u’
南宋朱熹说:“温公之言,如桑麻谷粟。一(2)
宋末元初胡三省说:“为人君而不知《通鉴》,则欲治而不知自治之源,恶乱而不知防乱之术;为人臣而不知《通鉴》,则上无以事君,下无以治民;为人子而不知《通鉴》,则谋身必至于辱先,作事不足以垂后。”q’
明朝胡应麟说:“自司马之为《通鉴》也,汉唐而上昭昭焉;自《通鉴》之止司马也,宋元而下泯泯焉。”(4)
明末清初的王夫之说:“取古人宗社之安危,代为之忧患,而已之去危以即安者在矣;取古昔民情之利病,代为之斟酌,而今之兴利以除害者在矣。得可资,失亦可资也,同可资,异也可资也。故治之所资,唯在一心,而史特有其鉴也。……其日‘通’

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