付出就有收获Puritanism:
A religious doctrine that advocates hard work, lf-discipline, thrift, and sobriety, regards labour as one’s divine task, without the enjoyment of the fruit of the labour. The purpo is to purify the corrupted church as had been established by Jesus Chris himlf.
John cotton and William roger
Romanticism
Is intellectual movement originating in Germany at the end of 18th century that gained strength in Western Europe after the Industrial Revolution, in the reaction to the social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment, its scientific rationalization of nature. The romantic values revolved around the full spectrum of the human emotional side embracing its instincts and rejecting the conventions of the Age of Reason.
Romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics, moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption
that he natural world was a source of corruption.
Transcendentalism
as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.2) they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 3职业指导师）they believe in the transcendence of "over soul", an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.
Emerson 第一个提出 idealism
代表人物：Emerson，believed that man was a part of absolute good。
Thoreau ，beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature.
Social &cultural background 微波炉加热的食物对人体有害吗
1 a protest of intellectualism and doctrine of the church
2 a protest of foreign influences
A idealistic philosophy of German & France (Fichte Schelling and Kant)
B oriental mysticism Hindu works, Buddhism/the doctrine and philosophy of Chine Confucius and Mencius
3 product of the dual heritage of American Puritanism
闲章内容Inner communication of the soul with God/puritan principle of lf culture and lf-improvement.
Features: 1 emphasis on the spirit or over soul 2 emphasis on the importance of individual 3 nature as the symbolic of God/spirit/over soul
Realism
生板栗怎么吃 is a movement in European and American literature from 1830s to the end of the century. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at t
he interpretation of the actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic colour. It expresd the concern for the world of experience, of the commonplace, and for the familiar and the low.
代表作家：William Dean Howells Mark Twain and Henry James
1. Changes for the better
2. Changes for the wor
Naturalism
“is the application of the principles of scientific determinism to fiction and drama” in the last decade of 19th century.
上坡起步Associated with realism, they shared emphasis on the depicting surface reality, but naturalism was more inclusive and less lective than realism. It emphasized the limited ability of humans to impo will upon their own destiny.
Topics of literature in America
1. Object of study: lower ranks of society and miry, poverty of the “underdogs”2. Theme: human bestiality, esp. as an explanation of the xual desire.3. Mood: pessimistic
Reprentatives: Jack London Stephen Crane Theodore Dreir Frank Norris
Washington Irving the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家
三个主要contribution ① the first great pro stylist of American romanticism.②“Sketch Book” Rip van winkle The legend of Sleepy Hollow-Icabod Crane
The father of American literature or the father of American letters
Nathaniel Hawthorne（1804—1864）
乒乓球几局几胜Theory of Sin: unpardonable sin---There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps through the whole life; but circumstance may rou it to activity.
“The Scarlet Letter”
Characters: Hester Prynne: heroine----Pearl Dimmesdale: a young clergyman
Chillingworth: rigid priest
Symbols“A” : a. Punishment, shame/disgrace, immorality and sin. B. able, angel and charity; pride
Theme: 1it focus on the nature of the individual and the individual relationship with the community 2The implication of lf-reliance, the difference between the private and the public character and the conquences of passion and repression are discusd.
Significance: 1 he was the first major novelist in English to combine morality with art. 2 he is significant for the themes with regard to : the conquences of pride, lfishness, and cret guilt and so on. 3 he is significant for his style of writing romance, which he though a predestined from American narrative.
