语义学复习要点及习题
1. The naming theory（命名说） is one of the oldest notions concerning meaning. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words ud in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for.
2. The conceptualist view（概念论） is one concerning meaning. According to this view, there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.
3. Behaviorism: According to this view, the meaning of a language form is the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the respon it calls forth in the hearer”. (Bloomfield 1933: 139)
4. Contextualism（语境论）： is a view concerning meaning which holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, u, context.
5. Same reference but different n:
e.g. Venus宝宝寻麻疹
小班建构区
The evening star west. (sunt)
The morning star east. (sunri)
Same object (same reference) but different n (different aspect); different ways of referring to the same thing.
6. Conceptual meaning is also called “denotative”（外延义） or “cognitive” meaning. This refers to the definition given in the dictionary.
7. Connotative meaning may vary according to culture, historical period and the experience of the individual, and thus are indeterminate and open-ended.
8. Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.
9. Homonymy refers to cas where lexemes with the same phonological or morphological shape have different meanings.
10. According to the mantic relationship, antonyms can be looly divided into three categories:
1) Complementary antonyms互补性反义Complementary antonyms are also called non-gradable antonyms. They are lexemes or expressions who crucial mantic features are mutually exclusive. The positive of one suggests the negative of the other.
male---female; married---single; alive---dead;
2) Gradable antonyms (可分等级的反义词) There are often intermediate form between the two members of a pair of antonyms . So it is a matter of degree. “old” and “young”
3) Relational antonyms（关系反义词）They are pairs of lexemes or expressions who crucial mantic features display a reciprocal (相互的) relationship.
husband --- wife
My only love sprung from my only hate!
Too early en unknown, and known too late.
Antonyms can also be ud as a rhetorical device to make the expressions more contrastive and impressive.
人与社会的和谐
To achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, to express economically the opposite of a particular thought.
11. Meronymy is a term ud to describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items.
12. Hyponymy is ud to refer to a specific-general mantic relationship between lexical items.
13. 放烟火作文Relations between ntences
A. Entailment (蕴涵） B. Presupposition （前提，预设）
C. Inconsistency （矛盾） D. Synonymy （同义）
练习题：
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal:
1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itlf, for example, within British English or American English.
2. Sen is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
3. Linguistic forms having the same n may have different references in different situations.
4. In mantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.
5. Contextualism is bad on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to obrvable contexts.
6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the respon it calls forth in the hearer.
7. The meaning of a ntence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
8. Most languages have ts of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
9. In grammatical analysis, the ntence is taken to be the basic unit, but in mantic analysis of a ntence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a ntence.
10. The naming theory is also called ideational theory.
II. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
11. The naming theory is advanced by ________. 滑板分类
A. Plato B. Bloomfield
C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth 一匹出色的马教案
12. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement reprents _______.
A. the conceptualist view B. contexutalism
C. the naming theory D. behaviourism
13. Which of the following is not true?
A. Sen is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
B. Sen is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
C. Sen is abstract and de-contextualized.
D. Sen is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
14. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “ You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with
C. entails D. presuppos
15. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be discted into meaning components, called mantic features.
A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis
电脑连不上网怎么回事16. “alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites
C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above
17. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference B. Concept
C. Semantics D. Sen
18. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polymy B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy
19. Words that are clo in meaning are called ______________.
党课简报A. homonyms B. polymy C. hyponyms D. synonyms
20. The grammaticality of a ntence is governed by _______.
A. grammatical rules
B. lectional restrictions
C. mantic rules
D. mantic features
