DATA SHEET
SKY72300-362: Spur-Free, 2.1 GHz Dual Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizer
Applications
•General purpo RF systems
•2.5G and 3G wireless infrastructure
•Broadband wireless access
•Low bit rate wireless telemetry
•Instrumentation
•L-band receivers
•Satellite communications
Features
•Spur-free operation
•2.1 GHz maximum operating frequency
•500 MHz maximum auxiliary synthesizer
•Ultra-fine step size, 100 Hz or less
•High internal reference frequency enables large loop bandwidth
implementations
•Very fast switching speed (e.g., below 100 µs)
•Pha noi to –91 dBc/Hz inside the loop filter bandwidth
@ 1800 MHz
•Software programmable power-down modes
•High-speed rial interface up to 100 Mbps
•Three-wire programming
•Programmable division ratios on reference frequency
•Pha detectors with programmable gain to provide a
programmable loop bandwidth
•Frequency power steering further enhances rapid acquisition
time
•On-chip crystal oscillator
•Frequency adjust for temperature compensation
Skyworks offers lead (Pb)-free RoHS (Restriction of
Hazardous Substances) compliant packaging.
•Direct digital modulation
•3 V operation
•5 V output to loop filter
•QFN (24-pin, 4 x 4 mm) Pb-free (MSL3, 260 °C per JEDEC J-
STD-020) package
Description
Skyworks SKY72300-362 direct digital modulation fractional-N
frequency synthesizer provides ultra-fine frequency resolution,
fast switching speed, and low pha-noi performance. This
简爱阅读笔记
synthesizer is a key building block for high-performance radio
system designs that require low power and fine step size.
The ultra-fine step size of less than 100 Hz allows this synthesizer
to be ud in very narrowband wireless applications. With proper
不屑于是什么意思temperature nsing or through control channels, the
synthesizer’s fine step size can compensate for crystal oscillator
or Intermediate Frequency (IF) filter drift. As a result, crystal
oscillators or crystals can replace temperature-compensated or
ovenized crystal oscillators, reducing parts count and associated
component cost. The device’s fine step size can also be ud for
Doppler shift corrections.
The SKY72300-362 has a pha noi floor of –90 dBc/Hz up to
2.1 GHz operation as measured inside the loop bandwidth. This is
permitted by the on-chip low noi dividers and low divide ratios
provided by the device’s high fractionality.
Reference crystals or oscillators up to 50 MHz can be ud with
the SKY72300-362. The crystal frequency is divided down by
independent programmable dividers (1 to 32) for the main and
auxiliary synthesizers. The pha detectors can operate at a
maximum speed of 25 MHz, which allows better pha noi due
to the lower division value. With a high reference frequency, the
loop bandwidths can also be incread. Larger loop bandwidths
improve the ttling times and reduce in-band pha noi.
Therefore, typical switching times of less than 100 s can be
achieved. The lower in-band pha noi also permits the u of
lower cost Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) in customer
applications.
The SKY72300-362 has a frequency power steering circuit that
helps the loop filter to steer the VCO when the frequency is too
fast or too slow, further enhancing acquisition time.
DATA SHEET • SKY72300-362 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER
The unit operates with a three-wire, high-speed rial interface. A combination of large bandwidth, fine resolution, and the three-wire, high-speed rial interface allows for a direct frequency modulation of the VCO. This supports any continuous pha, constant envelope modulation scheme
such as Frequency Modulation (FM), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), or Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). This capability can eliminate the need for In-pha and Quadrature (I/Q) Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs), quadrature upconverters, and IF filters from the transmitter portion of the radio system.
Figure 1 shows a functional block diagram for the SKY72300-362. The device package and pinout for the 24-pin Quad Flat No-Lead (QFN) package are shown in Figure 2.
C1447 Figure 1. SKY72300-362 Functional Block Diagram
扶危救困
DATA SHEET • SKY72300-362 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER
123456
7
8
9
10
11
12
2423222120
19
181716151413
VCCcml_main Fvco_main Fvco_main LD/PS_main VCCcp_main CPout_main
N /C
鳌拜简介X t a l a c g n d /O S C
X t a l i n /O S C
X t a l o u t /N C
V C C x t a l
G N D X t a l
M u x _o u t
M o d _i n
C l o c k
C S
D a t a
V C C d i g i t a l
VCCcml_aux Fvco_aux Fvco_aux CPout_aux VCCcp_aux LD/PS_aux
S1055
Figure 2. SKY72300-362 Pinout, 24-Pin QFN
Technical Description
The SKY72300-362 is a fractional-N frequency synthesizer using a ∆Σ modulation technique. The fractional-N implementation provides low in-band noi by having a low division ratio and fast frequency ttling time. In addition, the SKY72300-362 provides arbitrarily fine frequency resolution with a digital word, so that the frequency synthesizer can be ud to compensate for crystal frequency drift in the RF transceiver. Serial Interface
The rial interface is a versatile three-wire interface consisting of lect). It enables the SKY72300-362 to operate in a system
where one or multiple masters and slaves are prent. To perform a loopback test at startup and to check the integrity of the board and processor, the rial data is fed back to the master device (e.g., a microcontroller or microprocessor unit) through a
programmable multiplexer. This facilitates hardware and software debugging. Registers
There are ten 16-bit registers in the SKY72300-362. For more information, e the Register Descriptions ction of this document.
必修一化学知识点总结
Main and Auxiliary ∆Σ Modulators
The fractionality of the SKY72300-362 is accomplished by the u of a proprietary, configurable 10-bit or 18-bit ∆Σ modulator for
the main synthesizer and 10-bit ∆Σ modulator for the auxiliary synthesizer.
Main and Auxiliary Fractional Units
The SKY72300-362 provides fractionality through the u of main and auxiliary ∆Σ modulators. The output from the modulators is combined with the main and auxiliary divider ratios through their respective fractional units. VCO Prescalers
The VCO prescalers provide low-noi signal conditioning of the VCO signals. They translate from an off-chip, single-ended or differential signal to an on-chip differential Current Mode Logic (CML) signal. The SKY72300-362 has independent main and auxiliary VCO prescalers.
Main and Auxiliary VCO Dividers
The SKY72300-362 provides programmable dividers that control the CML prescalers and supply the required signals to the charge pump pha detectors. Programmable divide ratios ranging from 38 to 537 are possible in fractional-N mode and from 32 to 543 in integer-N mode.
Reference Frequency Oscillator
The SKY72300-362 has a lf-contained, low-noi crystal oscillator. This crystal oscillator is followed by the clock generation circuitry that generates the required clock for the programmable reference frequency dividers.
DATA SHEET • SKY72300-362 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER
Reference Frequency Dividers
The crystal oscillator signal can be divided by a ratio of 1 to 32 to create the reference frequencies for the pha detectors. The SKY72300-362 has both a main and an auxiliary frequency synthesizer, and provides independently configurable dividers of the crystal oscillator frequency for both the main and auxiliary pha detectors. The divide ratios are programmed by the Reference Frequency Dividers Register.
NOTE: The divided crystal oscillator frequencies (which are the internal reference frequencies), Fref_main and Fref_aux,
are referred to as reference frequencies throughout this
document.
Pha Detectors and Charge Pumps
The SKY72300-362 us a parate charge pump pha detector for each synthesizer which provid
es a programmable gain, Kd, from 31.25 to 1000 µA/2π radians in 32 steps programmed using the Pha Detector/Charge Pump Control Register.
Frequency Steering
When programmed for frequency power steering, the SKY72300-362 has a circuit that helps the loop filter steer the VCO, through the LD/PSmain signal (pin 4). In this configuration, the LD/PSmain signal can provide for more rapid acquisition.
When programmed for lock detection, internal frequency steering is implemented and provides frequency acquisition times comparable to conventional pha/frequency detectors.
Lock Detection
When programmed for lock detection, the SKY72300-362 provides an active low, pulsing open collector output using the LD/PSmain signal (pin 4) to indicate the out-of-lock condition. When locked, the LD/PSmain signal is tri-stated (high impedance).
Power Down
The SKY72300-362 supports a number of power-down modes through the rial interface. For more information, e the Register Descriptions ction of this document.
Serial Interface Operation
The rial interface consists of three pins: Clock (pin 22), Data (pin 20), and CS (pin 21). The Clock signal controls data on the two rial data lines (Data and CS). The Data pin bits shift into a individual lection transfers that synchronize and sample the information of slave devices on the same bus. Figure 3 depicts how a rial transfer takes place functionally.
A rial transfer is initiated when a microcontroller or microprocessor forces the CS line to a low state. This is followed immediately by an address/data stream nt to the Data pin that coincides with the rising edges of the clock prented on the Clock line.
Each rising edge of the Clock signal shifts in one bit of data on the Data line into a shift register. At the same time, one bit of data is shifted out of the Mux_out pin (if the rial bit stream is lected) at each falling edge of Clock. To load any of the registers, 16 bits of address or data must be prented to the Data line with the LSB last while the CS signal is low. If the CS signal is low for more than 16 clock cycles, only the last address or data bits are ud to load the registers.
If the CS signal is brought to a high state before the 13th Clock edge, the bit stream is assumed to be modulation data samples. In this ca, it is assumed that no address bits are prent and that all the bits in the stream should be loaded into the Modulation Data Register.
Register Programming
Register programming equations, described in this ction, u the following variables and constants:
N fractional Desired VCO division ratio in fractional-N applications.
This is a real number and can be interpreted as the
reference frequency (F ref) multiplying factor such that
the resulting frequency is equal to the desired VCO
frequency.
N integer Desired VCO division ratio in integer-N applications.
This number is an integer and can be interpreted as
the reference frequency (F ref) multiplying factor so that
the resulting frequency is equal to the desired VCO
frequency.
N reg Nine-bit unsigned input value to the divider ranging from 0 to 511 (integer-N mode) and from 6 to 505
(fractional-N mode).
divider This constant equals 262144 when the ∆Σ modulator is in 18-bit mode, and 1024 when the ∆Σ modulator is
in 10-bit mode.
dividend When in 18-bit mode, this is the 18-bit signed input value to the ∆Σ modulator, ranging from
–131072 to +131071 and providing 262144 steps,
each step equal to F div_ref/218 Hz.
语文卷子
When in 10-bit mode, this is the 10-bit signed input
value to the ∆Σ modulator, ranging from
–512 to +511 and providing 1024 steps, each step
equal to F div_ref/210 Hz.
DATA SHEET • SKY72300-362 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER
X A3A2A1A0D11D10D9D8D7D6D5D4D3D2D1D0XXX
Clock Last
Data
CS
C1413
Figure 3. Serial Transfer Timing Diagram
F VCO Desired VCO frequency (either F vco_main or F vco_aux ). F div_ref
Divided reference frequency prented to the pha detector (either F ref_main or F ref_aux ).
Fractional-N Applications . The desired division ratio for the main and auxiliary synthesizers is given by:
ref
_div VCO
fractional F F N =
where N fractional must be between 37.5 and 537.5.
The value to be programmed by the Main or Auxiliary Divider Register is given by:
32)N (Round N fractional reg −=
NOTE: The Round function rounds the number to the nearest
integer. When in fractional mode, allowed values for N reg are from 6 to 505 inclusive.
The value to be programmed by either of the MSB/LSB Dividend Registers or the Auxiliary Dividend Register is given by:
)]32N N (divider [Round dividend reg fractional −−×=
where the divider is either 1024 in 10-bit mode or 262144 in 18-bit mode. Therefore, the dividend is a signed binary value either 10 or 18 bits long.
NOTE: Becau of the high fractionality of the SKY72300-362,
there is no practical need for any integer relationship between the reference frequency and the channel spacing or desired VCO frequencies. Sample calculations for two fractional-N applications are provided in Figure 4.
Integer-N Applications . The desired division ratio for the main or auxiliary synthesizer is given by:
ref
_div main _vco eger int F F N =
where N integer is an integer number from 32 to 543. The value to be programmed by the Main or Auxiliary Divider Register is given by:
32N N eger int reg −=
When in integer mode, allowed values for N reg are from 0 to 511 for both the main and auxiliary synthesizers.
NOTE: As with all integer-N synthesizers, the minimum step size
is related to the crystal frequency and reference frequency division ratio. A sample calculation for an integer-N application is provided in Figure 5.
Register Loading Order . In applications where the main
synthesizer is in 18-bit mode, the Main Dividend MSB Register holds the 10 MSBs of the dividend and the Main Dividend LSB Register holds the 8 LSBs of the dividend. The registers that control the main synthesizer’s divide ratio are to be loaded in the following order:
• Main Divider Register • Main Dividend LSB Register
• Main Dividend MSB Register (at which point the new divide ratio takes effect)
In applications where the main synthesizer is in 10-bit mode, the Main Dividend MSB Register holds the 10 bits of the dividend. The registers that control the main synthesizer’s divide ratio are to be loaded in the following order:
• Main Divider Register
• Main Dividend MSB Register (at which point the new divide ratio takes effect)
DATA SHEET • SKY72300-362 FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER
Ca 1: To achieve a desired F vco_main frequency of 902.4530 MHz using a crystal frequency of 40 MHz with operation of the synthesizer in 18-bit mode. Since the maximum internal reference frequency (F div_ref) is 25 MHz, the crystal
frequency is divided by 2 to obtain a F div_ref of 20 MHz. Therefore:
N fractional = F vco_main
F div_ref
902.4530
=
20
45.12265
=
The value to be programmed in the Main Divider Register is:
N reg = Round[N fractional] – 32
32
–
=
Round[45.12265]
= 45 – 32
(decimal)
=
13
(binary)
=
000001101
With the modulator in 18-bit mode, the value to be programmed in the Main Dividend Registers is:藻类植物图片
×
(N fractional– N reg – 32)]
=
Round[divider
dividend
= Round[262144 × (45.12265 – 13 – 32)]
×
(0.12265)]
=
Round[262144
Round[32151.9616]
=
(decimal)
32152
=
精美动漫图片(binary)
=
000111110110011000
where 00 0111 1101 is loaded in the MSB of the Main Dividend Register and 1001 1000 is loaded in the LSB of the
Main Dividend Register.
Summary:
·Main Divider Register = 0 0000 1101
·Main Dividend Register, LSB = 1001 1000
·Main Dividend Register, MSB = 00 0111 1101
·The resulting main VCO frequency is 902.453 MHz
·Step size is 76.3 Hz
Note: The frequency step size for this ca is 20 MHz divided by 218, giving 76.3 Hz.
C1414
Figure 4. Fractional-N Applications: Sample Calculation (1 of 2)
