Gender, Poverty and Environment
Gender is rarely considered as a mainstream issue in environmental policies and programmers. However, a better understanding of the different priorities and perceptions of men and women can be ud to maximize policy effectiveness.
1.In many parts of the world, women tend to be the poorest of the poor in a very literal n. In addition to being the majority among the poor, they are often denied the most basic rights and access to critical resources such as land, inheritance or credit. Their labour and knowledge are undervalued. Their needs are often overlooked. They are more vulnerable to dia and disasters and the situation is made wor by their poverty. Cultural and social norms sometimes complicate matters further by placing additional expectations, restrictions and limitations on women. Gender gaps are widespread, and in no region of the world are women equal to men in legal, social and economic rights.风信子的种植方法
住改商证明范本2.The synergies between the goals of gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability are explored below in terms of addressing poverty among wom
en--including energy and water poverty, health, climate change, natural disasters and creating sustainable livelihoods by empowering women in the realms of agriculture, forest and biodiversity management.
3.Energy, environment and gender
The synergies between gender, environment and the energy ctor were first recognized in relation to biomass energy. Women were recognized as urs and collectors of fuel wood, and as victims of environmental deterioration that caud energy scarcity.
王与妃4.The surveys have shown that women spend long hours in fuel collection. The burden increas as deforestation worns, and this affects the time available to women for other activities including income-generating activities, education and participation in decision making. In Sudan, for instance, deforestation in the last decade led to a quadrupling of the time women spent gathering fuel wood. This stimulated efforts to promote 学习出版社afforestation and design more fuel-efficient stoves. Funding petered out, however, when the improved stoves and forestry projects were not as successful as antici
pated.
5.Attention to biomass energy and its impact on women's lives has recently revived. Indoor air pollution, mainly from wood fuel smoke, ranked as the fourth largest health problem in developing countries. It is estimated to kill 2 million women and children in developing countries every year and also caus respiratory and eye dias. There are differences in exposure according to age and economic status, and in some cultures women tend to undervalue their own health, leading to under-reporting of problems.
6.In many developing countries, communal lands remain a crucial source of biomass energy, yet privatization of the lands continues apace--reducing free access to fuel wood, and removing yet another where cooperative decisions could be made on sustainable management of fuel wood sources.
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7.道论In developed countries, the links between gender, environment and energy have been explored mainly in the areas of equal opportunity in the energy professions, decision making in energy policy, pollution and health, preferences for energy production systems,
access to scientific and technological education and the division of labour in the home.
8.Climate change and gender
Climate change is predicted to cau displacement of populations due to a level ri. In many parts of the developing world it is expected to increa water scarcity, to increa the dia burden, to negatively impact agriculture, and to cau more frequent extreme weather events. The effects of climate change and adaptive capacity are very likely to differ by gender, becau of the strong relationship between poverty and vulnerability, and the fact that women as a group are poorer and less powerful than men.
9.The potential value of gender as a factor in deciding on policies and programmes to reduce greenhou gas emissions has received even less attention. For example, as urs of houhold energy, women can play a key role in energy conrvation, as well as in promoting renewable energy technologies.
10.Both xes make decisions about the forms of transport they u and how frequently t
hey travel, and there are gender differences in the choices they make. In developed countries, for example, women tend to u public transport more than men.潮流歌曲
11.Land tenure and agriculture
国产电脑系统Despite women's key role in agriculture, most of the world’s women do not equally own, inherit or control land and other property. Discriminatory inheritance and property ownership laws restrict women's ability to ensure long-term food curity for the family, and to get loans using land as collateral. They also have important conquences for soil and land management --it is widely acknowledged that owners of land take more care to ensure soil conrvation. Improved access to agricultural support systems, including credit, technology, education, transport, extension and marketing rvices, is esntial to improving agricultural productivity and promoting environmentally sustainable practices--yet often women have no access to the rvices.
