专业八级-605

更新时间:2023-06-22 19:29:26 阅读: 评论:0

专业八级-605
(总分:100.10,做题时间:90分钟)
一、READING COMPREHENSION(总题数:2,分数:100.00)
Section A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
In this ction there are veral passages followed by fourteen multiple-choice questions. For each multiple-choice question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choo the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
Passage One
The sudden death of an admired public person always ems an impossibility. People ascribe invulnerability, near immortality to our centers of attention. John Kennedy dies, and it could not happen. John Lennon dies, and it could not happen. Elvis, and Grace Kelly, and shock after shock. And now this death of a young woman by whom the world had remained shocked from the moment she first appeared before it, who name contained the shadow
of her end: Princess Di.
But who would have believed it? People thought every thought that could be thought about Diana, but not death. She was beauty, death"s opposite. Beauty is given not only a special place of honor in the world but also a kind of permanence, as if it were an example of the tendency of nature to perfect itlf, and therefore something that once achieved, lives forever.
Her life never emed as tragic as it was often made out—just sad, and a little off. She married the wrong man. Her in-laws could be vindictive. For every photographer eager to capture a picture of her in one of tho astonishing evening gowns or hats, another was hiding in the bushes ready to bring her down.
胃痛吃什么One cannot think of any public statement of hers that was especially brilliant or witty. She was more innocent than clever; even her confession of an affair to a reporter sounded girlish. If presd, few could say exactly what it was that made her so important, especially to people outside England, except for the fact that one could not take one"s eyes off the woman.
Yet that was no small thing. Diana was someone one had to look at, and such a person comes along once in a blue moon . She had a soft heart; that was evident. She had a knack for helping people in distress. And all such qualities ro in a face that everyone was simply plead to e.
In a way, she was more royal than the royals. She had a higher station than the Queen of England; she was the nominal young monarch of her own country and of every other place in the world. She was the ntimental favorite figurehead, who was authorized to sign no treaties, command no armies, make no wars. All she had was the way she looked and sounded and behaved. No model or actress could hold a candle to her. She was the image every child has of a princess—the one who can feel the pea under the mattress, who kiss the frog, who lets down her hair from the tower window.
Her marriage was gone long before her death. As the years went on, it is likely that there would have been other romances after Dodi AI Fayed to tickle the throngs. Exactly how her life would have progresd is hard to imagine. She would have continued to be a good mother and a worker for the ill and the poor; she would have been pictured from tim
e to time at a dinner party or on a boat. In older age she might have become the King"s mother, welcomed back into the royal family at a time of life that is automatically accorded status. How would she have looked? The hair whiter, the skin a bit more lined, but the eyes would still have had that sweet mixture of kindness and longing. By then the story of her and Charles, the scandals and accusations, might have been lost in smoke.
Yet if people now were asked how they will remember Diana, what picture among the thousands they will hold in their mind, it would not be Diana at an official ceremony, or with a boyfriend, or even with her children. It would be her on the day of her wedding, when all the world was glad to be her subject and when she gave everyone who looked at her the improbable idea that life was beautiful. (此文选自 Time )
Passage Two
We all know that we don"t get enough sleep. But how much sleep do we really need? Until about 15 years ago, one common theory was that if you slept at least four or five hours a night, your cognitive performance remained intact; your body simply adapted to less sleep. But that idea was bad on studies in which rearchers nt sleepy subjects
周庄古镇home during the day—where they may have sneaked in naps and downed coffee.
Enter David Dinges, the head of the Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory at the Hospital at University of Pennsylvania, who has the distinction of depriving more people of sleep than perhaps anyone in the world. In what was the longest sleep-restriction study of its kind, Dinges and his lead author, Hans Van Dongen, assigned dozens of subjects to three different groups for their 2003 study, some slept four hours, others six hours and others, for the lucky control group, eight hours—for two weeks in the lab.
Every two hours during the day, the rearchers tested the subjects" ability to sustain attention with what"s known as the psychomotor vigilance task, or P. V. T., considered a gold standard of sleepiness measures. During the P. V. T., the men and women sat in front of computer screens for 10-minute periods, pressing the space bar as soon as they saw a flash of numbers at random intervals. Even a half-cond respon delay suggests a lap into sleepiness, known as a microsleep.
The P. V. T. is tedious but simple if you"ve been sleeping well. It measures the sustained attention that is vital for pilots, truck drivers, astronauts. Attention is also key for focusing
during long meetings; for reading a paragraph just once, instead of five times; for driving a car. It takes the equivalent of only a two-cond lap for a driver to veer into oncoming traffic.
Not surprisingly, tho who had eight hours of sleep hardly had any attention laps and no cognitive declines over the 14 days of the study. What was interesting was that tho in the four-and six-hour groups had P. V. T. results that declined steadily with almost each passing day. Though the four-hour subjects performed far wor, the six-hour group also consistently fell off-task. By the sixth day, 25 percent of the six-hour group was falling asleep at the computer. And at the end of the study, they were lapsing fives times as much as they did the first day. The six-hour subjects fared no better—steadily declining over the two weeks—on a test of working memory in which they had to remember numbers and symbols and substitute one for the other. The same was true for an addition-subtraction task that measures speed and accuracy. All told, by the end of two weeks, the six-hour sleepers were as impaired as tho who, in another Dinges study, had been sleep-deprived for 24 hours straight—the cognitive equivalent of being legally d
runk.
So, for most of us, eight hours of sleep is excellent and six hours is no good, but what about if we split the difference? What is the threshold below which cognitive function begins to flag? While Dinges"s study was under way, his colleague Gregory Belenky, then director of the division of neuroscience at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Rearch in Silver Spring, Md. , was running a similar study. He purpoly restricted his subjects to odd numbers of sleep hours—three, five, ven and nine hours—so that together the studies would offer a fuller picture of sleep-restriction. Belenky"s nine-hour subjects performed much like Dinges"s eight-hour ones. But in the ven-hour group, their respon time on the P. V.T. slowed and continued to do so for three days, before stabilizing at lower levels than when they started. Americans average 6.9 hours on weeknights, according to the National Sleep Foundation. Which means that, whether we like it or not, we are not thinking as clearly as we could be.
Of cour our lives are more stimulating than a sleep lab. we have coffee, bright lights, the social buzz of the office, all of which work as "countermeasures" to sleepiness. They
can do the job for only so long, however. As Belenky, who now heads up the Sleep and Performance Rearch Center at Washington State University, Spokane, where Van Dongen is also a professor, told me about cognitive deficits: "You don"t e it the first day. But you do in five to ven days."
And it"s not clear that we can rely on weekends to make up for sleep deprivation. Dinges is now running a long-term sleep restriction and recovery study to e how many nights we need to era our sleep debt. But past studies suggest that, at least in many cas, one night alone won"t do it.
(此文选自 International Herald Tribune)

Passage Three
There are more than 300 million of us in the United States, and sometimes it ems like we"re all friends on Facebook. But the sad truth is that Americans are lonelier than ever. Between 1985 and 2004, the number of people who said there was no one with whom th
ey discusd important matters tripled, to 25 percent, according to Duke University rearchers. Unfortunately, as a new study linking women to incread risk of heart dia shows, all this loneliness can be detrimental to our health.
The bad news doesn"t just affect women. Social isolation in all adults has been linked to a raft of physical and mental ailments, including sleep disorders, high blood pressure, and an incread risk of depression and suicide. How lonely you feel today actually predicts how well you"ll sleep tonight and how depresd you"ll feel a year from now, says John T. Cacioppo, a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago and coauthor of Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection . Studies have shown that loneliness can cau stress levels to ri and can weaken the immune system. Lonely people also tend to have less healthy lifestyles, drinking more alcohol, eating more fattening food, and exercising less than tho who are not lonely.
Though more Americans than ever are living alone (25 percent of US houholds, up from 7 percent in 1940), the connection between single-living and loneliness is in fact quite weak. "Some of the most profound loneliness can happen when other people are pr
ent," says Harry Reis, professor of psychology at the University of Rochester. Take college freshmen: even though they"re surrounded by people almost all the time, many feel incredibly isolated during the first quarter of the school year with their friends and family members far away, Cacioppo says. Studies have shown that how lonely freshmen will feel can be predicted by how many miles they are from home. By the cond quarter, however, most freshmen have found social replacements for their high-school friends. Unfortunately, as we age, it becomes more difficult to recreate tho social relationships. And that can be a big problem as America becomes a more transient society, with an increasing number of Americans who say that they"re willing to move away from home for a job.
Loneliness can be relative: it has been defined as an aversive emotional respon to a perceived discrepancy between a person"s desired levels of social interaction and the contact they"re actually receiving. People tend to measure themlves against others, feeling particularly alone in communities where social connection is the norm. That"s why collectivist cultures, like tho in Southern Europe, have higher levels of loneliness than i
利差
ndividualist cultures, Cacioppo says. For the same reason, isolated individuals feel most acutely alone on holidays like Christmas Eve or Thanksgiving, when most people are surrounded by family and friends.
Still, loneliness is a natural biological signal that we all have. Indeed, loneliness rves an adaptive purpo, making us protect and care for one another. Loneliness esntially puts the brain on high alert, encouraging us not to eat leftovers from the refrigerator but to call a friend and eat out. Certain situational factors can trigger loneliness, but long-term feelings of emptiness and isolation are partly genetic, Cacioppo says. What"s inherited is not loneliness itlf, but rather nsitivity to disconnection.
Social-networking sites like Facebook and MySpace may provide people with a fal n of connection that ultimately increas loneliness in people who feel alone. The sites should rve as a supplement, but not replacement for, face-to-face interaction, Cacioppo says. For people who feel satisfied and loved in their day-to-day life, social media can be a reassuring extension. For tho who are already lonely, Facebook status updates are just a reminder of how much better everyone el is at making friends and h
aving fun.
So how many friends do you need to avoid loneliness? An introvert might need one confidante not to feel lonely, whereas an extrovert might require two, three, or four bosom buddies. Experts say it"s not the quantity of social relationships but the quality that really matters. "The most popular kid in school may still feel lonely," Cacioppo says. "There are a lot of stars who have been idols and lived lonely lives."
(此文选自 Newsweek)

Passage Four
Laos, a poor country of 6 million people wedged between Vietnam and Thailand, has no openings to the a and few routes to world attention. But it is now enjoying a rare moment in the sun. Last month it won approval to join the World Trade Organisation. This week it hosted the ninth Asia-Europe meeting, which brings together leaders from the world"s most and least dynamic regions. Its small economy, which exports gold, copper a
nd hydropower, is distinguishing itlf. Its growth rate is not only one of the fastest in the world but also one of the steadiest. 爱的魔法简谱
In spite of the fluctuated growth rate worldwide, growth in developing Asia, especially in Indonesia and Bangladesh, is now steadier, as well as faster, than growth in the "mature" economies of the G7. The "Great Moderation" is the name given to the era of economic tranquility that prevailed in America and elwhere in the rich world before the financial crisis. Should the label now be applied to Asia?
Asia"s economies are better known for their speed than their stability. Even now some highly open economies, such as Thailand, Singapore, remain more volatile than the global average. Expod to international trade flows, their industrial output fluctuates like a twirling ribbon with every twitch of demand.
But developing Asia (which excludes rich economies like Singapore, South Korea) is dominated by populous countries that rely increasingly on domestic demand to drive their economies. Houhold consumption contributed half of the growth of just over 6% Indonesia enjoyed in the year to the third quarter. Developing Asia"s combined current-ac
count surplus, which reflects its dependence on foreign demand, more than halved from 2008 to 2011 and is expected to fall further this year. 法定代表人身份证明书
Asia"s stability also owes something to demand management. During the Asian financial crisis, policymakers faced a dilemma. They could defend their exchange rates by raising interest rates. But that would cripple borrowers. Or they could let their currencies fall and ea rates. But that would inflate the burden of foreign-currency debt, crippling borrowers too.
In the aftermath of the crisis the region worked its way out of this trap. Most countries accumulated an impressive stock of hard-currency rerves and weaned themlves off foreign-bank loans in favour of foreign equity and local-currency bonds. Becau the liabilities were denominated in their own currency, they did not ri in value when the currency fell.
That has freed policymakers to cut interest rates when the economy slows. Indonesia"s central bank, for example, slashed rates by three percentage points from December 2008 to August 2009. It cut rates by another point from October 2011 to February 2012. Thanks
竹鸡是保护动物吗in part to its responsive central bank, Indonesia"s year-on-year growth rates over the past 20 quarters have been the most stable in the world. 靠近些
Wi monetary policy was also one of the reasons cited for the Great Moderation enjoyed by the G7 economies. Another was the suppod depth and sophistication of the rich world"s financial systems, which, it was said, allowed houholds to smooth their spending, firms to diversify their borrowing and banks to unburden their balance-sheets. Both of the pillars of stability proved fal comforts. Economists had not quite ttled on an explanation for the Great Moderation before it inconveniently cead to exist.
Worryingly, Asia"s great moderation has also been accompanied by sharply rising credit. According to Fred Neumann of HSBC, leverage is now higher than at any time since the Asian financial crisis. This credit expansion may reprent healthy" financial deepening", which many economists believe is a cau of growth and stability. But rising leverage can also be a threat to stability. The late Hyman Minsky, among others, argued that drops in volatility allow firms and houholds to borrow more of the money they invest. Stability, in Minsky"s formulation, eventually becomes destabilising. Overleverage does not require e
xcessive optimism, merely excessive certitude; not fast growth, merely steady growth.
Fortunately, Asia"s policymakers never shared the West"s faith in lf-correcting financial systems. The region has pioneered "macro-prudential" regulations, designed to curb excessive credit and capital flows even without raising interest rates. In March, for example, Indonesia tightened loan-to-value ratios on mortgages and impod minimum downpayments on car and motorbike loans.
Mr. Neumann is, however, skeptical that regulatory tightening can substitute for the monetary kind. Macro-prudential controls are not watertight, he notes. As long as capital remains cheap, money will leak. If the regulator lowers mortgage loan-to-value ratios, for example, banks may simply rai the appraid value of a home. If regulators impede foreign purchas of property, as Hong Kong just did, foreigners will ek inventive ways around the rules.
Hong Kong"s freedom to rai rates is constrained by its currency"s fixed link to the dollar, one of the few pegs to survive the Asian financial crisis. Other central banks do not have that excu. Currency flexibility has given them the freedom to cut rates when growt
h slows. It should also allow them to rai rates when financial excess threatens—even if rates remain near zero in America, Europe and Japan. If stable growth allows lenders or borrowers to become overstretched, it can "sow the eds of its own destruction", Mr. Neumann argues. Nothing great about that.
(此文选自 The Economist)
(分数:44.00)
(1).The author"s main purpo of mentioning John Kennedy, John Lennon, Elvis and Grace Kelly in the first paragraph is to ---|||________|||---.(Passage One)(分数:2.00)
 A.show that Diana"s death is as sudden and unexpected as theirs
 B.illustrate that Diana was as prominent and popular as they were
&press how regretful people felt for the loss of Diana 
 D.imply that people could not accept the fact that they had died
解析:[解析] 推断题。文章第一句指出,但凡有令人爱戴的公众人物去世,人们总是会觉得难以置信,希望他们能够永垂不朽。接下来作者用排比的方式列举了肯尼迪总统等人的去世给大家带来的打击,进而引出戴安娜之死,由文中“shock after shock”和“remained shocked”可以判断,作者提到肯尼迪等人的目的是为了说明戴安娜的去世和这些人物的去世一样,使人们感到遗憾和难过,因此答案是C。
(2)."That" in the first ntence of Paragraph Five refers to ---|||________|||---.(Passage One)(分数:2.00)
 A.any of Diana"s brilliant or witty public statements
 B.Diana"s innocent confession of an affair to a reporter
 C.what made Diana so important 
 D.the fact that one could not take one"s eyes off Diana
解析:[解析] 语义题。第四段最后一句指出,人们无法确切地说出究竟是什么让她变得那
么重要,但就是无法不去关注她,第五段紧接着讲“that was no small thing”,由此推断,她受关注和爱戴的原因不管到底是什么,总归是非同一般的事情,第五段最后一句提到的“all such qualities”更验证了第五段是在解释戴安娜为何会受人爱戴的原因。由此可知,that指代的是“到底是什么让戴安娜受人爱戴”,故C正确。
(3).Which of the following word is ud literally, NOT metaphorically?(Passage One)(分数:2.00)
 A.Moon (Paragraph Five).
 B.Candle (Paragraph Six).
读书报告怎么写
 C.Smoke (Paragraph Seven).
 D.Subject (Paragraph Eight). 
解析:[解析] 修辞题。“subject”有“国民,臣民”之意,正符合最后一段末句的语境,并不是修辞用法,故答案为D。第五段第二句用“comes along once in a blue moon”来表明戴安娜
在人们心目中的地位,“in a blue moon”比喻“罕见的、稀有的东西”,因此“moon”在此表达的并非字面含义,故排除A;第六段倒数第二句指出,没有演员或者模特能够与戴安娜媲美,“hold a candle to somebody”的意思是“与某人相提并论”,“candle”并非字面含义,故排除B;第七段最后一句的意思是:到那时,她与查尔斯王子的恩怨也许早已烟消云散,“smoke”并非字面含义,故排除C。

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