TPO-19
The Roman Army's Impact on Britain
In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and the troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Asssing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its prence was much more influential. The imposition of a military ba involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exerci the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the eds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government.
Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally1 a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of the were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably plac
ed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwi they reprented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhou, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.
Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the rvices and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn from far afield, but some local people certainly became entwined in this new economy. There was informal marriage with soldiers, who until AD 197 were not legally entitled to wed, and whole new communities grew up near the forts. The ttlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.
The army also provided a mean of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after rvice in an au
xiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. The total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the
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1 with respect to a particular place or situation.
total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raid regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raid in Britain went elwhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The rever process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of rvice, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, rvice in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.员工劳动合同范本
This process of ttling in as a community over veral generations, combined with local recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later
Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome cead to have any formal authority in Britain, at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the lf-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.
civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its prence was much more influential. The imposition of a military ba involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exerci the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the eds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had
1.Which of the ntences below best express the esntial information in the highlighted ntence in
the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out esntial information.
O Many Roman soldiers remained in Britain after conquering it, and their prence had a strong influence.
O The new Roman province of Britain emed to awaken in the first century A.D. as the local economy improved.
O Camps, fortifications, and economic change contributed to the Roman conquest of Britain.
O With the conquest of Britain by Roman troops, the Roman Empire gained considerable economic strength.
2.According to paragraph 1, the Roman army had the most influence on tho areas of Britain that
were
O conquered first
O near population centers
O ud as military bas
O rapidly incorporated into the empire
3.According to paragraph 1, what effect did military occupation have on the local population?
O It encouraged more even distribution of the population and the ttlement of previously undeveloped territory.
O It created discontent and made continuing military occupation necessary.
O It required local labor to construct forts and feed and exerci the soldiers’ a nimals.
O It provided local leaders with opportunities to participate in governance.
4.
O respond to
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O warn against
O avoid the impact of
O stop by force
Paragraph 2: Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of the were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied;
particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas.
5.
O rebellion如何做豆腐
O conflict
员工工作证明O neglect
O crime
O describe the kinds of tasks soldiers were required to perform as punishment for disloyalty or misdeeds
O illustrate some of the duties assigned to soldiers to keep them busy and well-behaved when not involved in military campaigns
O provide evidence that Roman soldiers had a negative effect on the local area by performing jobs that had been performed by native workers
O argue that the soldiers would have been better employed in the construction of infrastructure such as roads
Paragraph 3: Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the rvices and goods was no doubt fulfilled by people drawn
up near the forts. The ttlements acted like small towns, becoming centers for the artisan and trading populations.
7.
如何锻炼耳朵听力O given the right to
O able to afford to
O encouraged to
O required to
8.According to paragraph 3, how did the soldiers meet their needs for goods and rvices?
O Their needs were met by the army, and all of their economic transactions took place within the fort.
O Most of their needs were met by traveling tradespeople who visit the forts.
O During their days off, soldiers traveled to distant towns to make purchas.
O They bought what they needed from the artisans and traders in nearby towns.
Paragraph 4: The army also provided a means of personal advancement for auxiliary soldiers recruited from the native peoples, as a man obtained hereditary Roman citizenship on retirement after rvice in an auxiliary regiment. Such units recruited on an ad hoc (as needed) basis from the area in which they were stationed, and there was evidently large-scale recruitment within Britain. Th
e total numbers were at least 12,500 men up to the reign of the emperor Hadrian (A.D. 117-138), with a peak around A.D. 80. Although a small proportion of the total population, this perhaps had a massive local impact when a large proportion of the young men were removed from an area. Newly raid regiments were normally transferred to another province from whence it was unlikely that individual recruits would ever return. Most units raid in Britain went elwhere on the European continent, although one is recorded in Morocco. The rever process brought young men to Britain, where many continued to live after their 20 to 25 years of rvice, and this added to the cosmopolitan Roman character of the frontier population. By the later Roman period, frontier garrisons (groups of soldiers) were only rarely transferred, rvice in units became effectively hereditary, and forts were no longer populated or maintained at full strength.
9.According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true of Britain’s auxiliary regiments of the Roman
army?
O Membership in the regiments reached its highest point during the region of the emperor Hadrian.
O Most of the units recruited in Britain were nt to Morocco and other stations outside Europe.
O Soldiers rved in the regiments for many years and after retirement generally stayed where they had been stationed.
O Most of the regiments stationed on the frontier were new units transferred from a neighboring province.
10.According to paragraph 4, all of the following changes could be en in the frontier garrisons by the later Roman period EXCEPT:
O Membership in the units pasd from father to son.
O Fewer soldiers were stationed at the forts.
O Soldiers usually were not transferred to different locations.
O Frontier units became more effective and proficient.
Paragraph 5: This process of ttling in as a community over veral generations, combined with loc
al recruitment, presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period. It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome cead to have any
at the beginning of the fifth century A.D. The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the lf-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.
肾虚的原因
11.
O To emphasize the degree to which the stability of the British northern frontier depended on firm military control
O To suggest that the Romans continued to occupy Britain even after they had formally given up the right to do so
O To support the claim that forts continued to rve an import economic function even after they cead to be of any military u
O To describe one of the things that resulted from frontier garrisons’ becoming part of the local community over a long period
12.
僧王府O experiences
O communities
O conditions
O laws
