考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(27)

更新时间:2023-06-22 17:16:47 阅读: 评论:0

In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discour, and the casualness and abnce of difference” characteristic of popular culture. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite。” the were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act。” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization。
  Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today’s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation-language, home ownership and intermarriage。
  The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ‘well’ or ‘very well’ after ten years of residence。” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language
is lost in the majority of immigrant families。” Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreign–born immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans。
  Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.–born whites and blacks。” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian–American women are married to non-Asians。
  Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power。”
  Are there divisive issues and pockets of ething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment。
  21. The word “homogenizing”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means
  [A] identifying. [B] associating. [C] assimilating. [D] monopolizing。
  22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century
  [A] played a role in the spread of popular culture。
  [B] became intimate shops for common consumers。
  [C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite。
  [D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption。
  23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S。
  [A] are resistant to homogenization。
  [B] exert a great influence on American culture。
  [C] are hardly a threat to the common culture。
  [D] constitute the majority of the population。
  24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
  [A] To prove their popularity around the world。
  [B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants。
  [C] To give examples of successful immigrants。
  [D] To show the powerful influence of American culture。
  25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is
  [A] rewarding. [B] successful. [C]. fruitless. [D]. harmful。
  名师解析
  21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means
  “homogenizing”(第⼀段第⼆⾏)⼀词的⼤致意思是
  [A] identifying. 识别确认 [B] associating. 联系,联合平板运动
  [C] assimilating. 吸收,同化 [D] monopolizing. 独占,垄断
  【答案】 C
  【考点】词义题。
  【分析】本题的答案直接可以定位到第⼀句话。⽂章说“尽管⼈们不停地谈论差异”,⽤到了表⽰转折的“in spite of”,后⾯显然就是与前⾯的意思相反了。差异的反⾯⾃然是相同。如果考⽣没有把握,只要继续读两句,就会发现作者描述的都是⼀个同化了的社会的特征。⽽“homogenize”这个单词,如果从词根来分析,也不难判断。“homo”表⽰相同的,⽐如同性恋就
是“homoxual”,⽽“homogenize”的原意就是“使均匀,均质化”,所以只有[C]“assimilate”这个单词合适。“assimilate”的本意是“吸收,消化”,后引申为“使相同、使相象”,以及“把(移民或⽂化出⾊的群体)同化到盛⾏的⽂化中”。[A]“identify”⼀般表⽰对⾝份的“识别,确认”,不合题意。[B]“associate”表⽰“联系,联合”,不合题意。[D]“monopolize”(独占,垄断),这个单词
由“mono(单⼀)+pole(极)”构成,⽤在本处意思不符合。
  22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th-century
  在作者看来,19世纪的商场
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  [A] played a role in the spread of popular culture. 在传播流⾏⽂化⽅⾯发挥了作⽤。
  [B] became intimate shops for common consumers. 成为了和普通消费者关系亲密的商店。
  [C] satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. 满⾜了知识精英的需要。
  [D] owed its emergence to the culture of consumption. 其出现归功于消费⽂化。
  【答案】 A
  【考点】事实细节题。
  【分析】题⼲关键词“department stores”出现在第⼀段第三句,该句⼦的意思是“⼈们沉迷于⼀种始于19世纪的商场的消费⽂化”。随后进⼀步解释说“商场和那些精品店不⼀样,是⼈⼈都可以去的,购物变成了⼀种民主和公众的活动”。也就是说,商场对于流⾏⽂化的传播起到了推动的作⽤,故[A]为本题的正确答案。[B]的错误在于它故意将那些迎合精英⼈⼠的精品店与其顾客的那种亲密的关系⽤在商场与普通消费者的关系上。[C]的错误在于商场满⾜的是普通⼤众的需要,⽽不是那些知识精英的需要。⾄于[D],它故意颠倒了因果关系,商场的出现推动了流⾏⽂化的发展,⽽并不是流⾏⽂化导致了商场的出现。⽽且作者在这⼀段结束的时候,还提到,其它的⼀些推动流⾏⽂化发展的因素还有⼤众传媒、⼴告以及运动业。
  23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S。
  本⽂暗⽰现在美国的移民
  [A] are resistant to homogenization. 对于同化是抵制的。
  [B] exert a great influence on American culture. 对美国⽂化施加了很⼤的影响。
  [C] are hardly a threat to the common culture. 对⼤众⽂化⼏乎没有威胁。
  [D] constitute the majority of the population. 占⼈⼝⼤多数。
  【答案】 C
  【考点】推断题。
  【分析】题⼲中出现了“immigrant”这个关键单词,就是告诉考⽣,本题解题的关键是和移民相关的内容。只有阅读完相关的内容,才有可能正确答对本题。“immigrant”可以定位到第⼆段。⽂章说“移民正在快速适应这个⼤众⽂化”。第⼆句就引⽤记者的话说“如今的移民既未达到前所未有的⽔平,⽽且也不抵制同化”。这样⼀来,就可以排除[A]。后⾯提到美国移民的⼈⼝⽐率只有百分之⼏,显然不可能是⼈⼝的⼤多数,因此[D]“移民占⼈⼝⼤多数”可以被我们排除。不但⼈数不占优势,所占⽐率还在缩⼩,因此,可以说[C]“对⼤众⽂化⼏乎没有威胁”是合适的。⾄于[B]项,⽂中没有提及。但是考虑到⼈数这么少,对美国施加巨⼤的影响⼀说就不太现实了。
  24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
  第五段中为什么提到阿诺德·施⽡⾟格和葛斯·布鲁克斯?接力棒
发展经济学  [A] To prove their popularity around the world. 为了证明他们在全球都很受欢迎。
  [B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants. 为了表明公众对移民的恐惧。
  [C] To give examples of successful immigrants. 为了举出成功移民的范例。
  [D] To show the powerful influence of American culture. 为了展⽰美国⽂化的强⼤影响。
  【答案】 D
机场服务  【考点】推断题。
  【分析】通常在议论⽂或者说明⽂中出现事例,引⽤他⼈的话等等都是为了说明某⼀点或者证明某⼀点。通过引⽤来判断作者的⽬的和意图也是英语考试中最常见的命题⽅法。通过关键词汇“阿诺德·施⽡⾟格和葛斯·布鲁克斯”定位到第五段。在第⼆段的时候,作者提到了“同化”的三个标志,即,“语⾔”,“房产所有权”和“异族通婚”,第三段讲“语⾔”和“房产拥有权”,第四段讲“异族通婚”,都是为了说
墨西哥玉米饼
明美国社会的“同化”能⼒很强⼤。第五段提及两个名⼈的⽬的就是说连国外的偏僻的地⽅的⼩孩⼉都是美国超级巨星的崇拜者,居然美国还有⼈担⼼那些⽣活在美国的移民对同化免疫。也就是说,作者还是要证明美国⽂化的强⼤影响⼒,故[D]为本题的正确答案。[A]只是描述了⼀个表⾯的事实,⽽不是作者的意图⽬的。[B]的错误出在它曲解了作者引⽤罗德⾥格兹的话的意图,作者以上所提及的,都是为了证明美国⽂化的强⼤。因为作者紧接着说美国实在太⼤了,什么问题都能沾上点边⼉,存在意见分歧的问题,以及⼀些⼈很愤怒,都是事实存在,但是都是不必担⼼的。⾔下之意就是,怎么还会有美国⼈担⼼那些⽣活在美国的移民对同化免疫?根本不⽤担⼼,因为相⽐美国*的历史,这⼀切⼏乎不会有什么影响的。[C]“为了举出成功移民的范例”与作者的写作意图则相差很远。
  25. In the author’s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is
  在作者看来,移民融⼊到美国社会是
  [A] rewarding. 值得的,有回报的 [B] successful. 成功的
  [C] fruitless. 没有成果的 [D] harmful. 有害的
  【答案】 B
  【考点】推理题。
  【分析】该类型题往往需要通过关键词来寻找答案。本题问的是作者对移民融⼊美国社会这样⼀件事的看法,关键词
是“移民融⼊美国社会”,考查的是考⽣能否从⼤量的细节中判断出作者的观点是什么。本⽂作者通篇讲述美国的⽂化是多么强⼤,同化的能⼒是多么强⼤,但是作者没有说同化给美国⼈带来了什么好处,只是说移民对美国不构成威胁。因此排除[A]。然后⽐较[B]和[C]。选项[B]认为美国的移民同化很成功,[C]认为美国的移民同化没有成果,但是通读全⽂来看,从开始的移民不抵制同化,到适应⼤众⽂化,到住房⽐率⽐美国本⼟⼈⼠⾼,到与异族通婚等等此类的信息告诉我们,美国的移民同化是成功的,不是没有成果的。故排除[C],[B]为本题的正确答案。[D]项错误,因为作者在第⼆段说这种⽂化虽然不怎么⾼尚,但是却是⽆害的。
  难句解析:
  1. There is“the democratizing uniformity of dress and discour, and the casualness and abnce of
difference”characteristic of popular culture。
  【结构分析】本句是⼀个“there be”结构,主语有“the democratizing uniformity of dress and discours
管理博士e”和“the casualness and abnce of difference”。作者将两个主语⽤双引号括在⼀起,后⾯加上“characteristic of popular culture”做这两个主语的后置定语。身上长红痣是怎么回事
  2. People are absorbed into “a culture of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere”。
  【结构分析】本句的主⼲结构是“People are absorbed into‘a culture of consumption’”,后接的“launched”是过去分词做后置定语。在这个后置定语⾥⾯,⼜出现⼀个“that”引导的定语从句,“that”指代“department stores”。
  3. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000.
  【结构分析】很多考⽣⽆法理解,问为什么移民⽐例前⾯是9.8%和13.6%,后⾯⼜说移民是每千个⼈中有3.1个和9.2个?这⾥特别强调,后⾯的这两个数据,即3.1和9.2,指的是1980⾄1990,以及1880到1890之间达到的每千⼈平均移民⼈数,原⽂作者⽤的是“arrived”,即,“新来的,新增加的”。也就是说,“在1980⾄1990年间,每1000个居民中新增加3.1个移民;在1880到1890之间,每1000个居民中新增加9.2个移民”。
  4. The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English‘well’or‘very well’after ten years of residence。”
  【结构分析】句⼦主⼲是“The 1990 Census revealed that…”,“that”引导⼀个宾语从句,宾语从句的主语是“a majority of immigrants,from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin”做后置定语修饰该主语。本句难点是“most common countries of origin”,正确的理解是“最常见的15个移民输出国”。这些移民输出国并⾮也不可能都是讲英语的国家。
  5. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics“have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S.–born whites and blacks。”
  【结构分析】本题的理解难点在于“intermarriage”。这⾥的“异族通婚”指的不是亚裔和西班⽛裔之间或者⽩⼈与⿊⼈之间,事实上,只要是和⾮本族⼈结婚,都属于异族通婚。所以不能理解为亚裔和西班⽛裔的通婚⽐⽩⼈和⿊⼈之间的通婚⾼。
  全⽂翻译:
  尽管“不停地谈论差异”,美国社会却是⼀台令⼈惊奇的同化⼈的机器。它具备流⾏⽂化的“民主式统⼀”的服装和⾔谈,随意以及缺乏差异的特征。消费⽂化始于19世纪的百货商店,这些商店在“幽雅的
环境中”供应⼤量商品,⼈们对这种⽂化⾮常沉迷。与那些迎合知识精英的关系亲密型商店不同,这些百货商店是“任何阶级和背景的⼈都可以进⼊的”。这使得购物变成了⼀种公共和民主的⾏为。⽽⼤众传媒、⼴告和运动⾏业则是促进同化的其它⼏个因素。
  移民正在迅速地适应⼤众⽂化,虽然这种⽂化也许不够⾼尚,但是它却⼏乎是⽆害的。格瑞·罗德⾥格兹在为《国家移民论坛》撰稿时报道说,如今的移民既未达到前所未有的⽔平,⽽且也不抵制同化。1998年,移民占总⼈⼝的9.8%,1900年占13.6%。在1990年前的10年内,每1,000个居民中增加了3.1个移民;⽽在1890年前的10年中,每1,000个居民中增加了9.2个移民。现在,考虑⼀下同化的三个指数——语⾔,房产所有权和异族通婚。
  1990年的⼈⼝普查表明,“来⾃于的15个移民输出国的移民中的⼤多数⼈在居住⼗年后英语讲得很好或⾮常好”。移民的孩⼦往往能够说两种语⾔并且精通英语。“到了第三代,原先的语⾔在⼤部分的移民家庭中丧失”,因此美国也被描述成语⾔的坟墓。到1996年为⽌,1970年之前到达的外国移民拥有房产的⽐例达到75.6%,⾼于本⼟美国⼈的⽐例。
  亚裔和西班⽛裔移民的“异族通婚率⽐美国本⼟⿊⼈和⽩⼈的⽐例要⾼”。到了第三代,三分之⼀的西班⽛裔妇⼥嫁给了⾮西班⽛裔⼈⼠,41%的亚裔妇⼥嫁给了⾮亚裔⼈。
  罗德⾥格兹指出,全世界偏远乡村的⼉童都是阿诺德·施⽡⾟格和葛斯·布鲁克斯这样偶像的崇拜者,
然⽽居然“⼀些美国⼈害怕居住在美国境内的移民在某种程度上对这个国家同化作⽤是免疫的。”
  在美国存在有意见分歧的问题以及隐藏的怒⽕吗?确实如此。美国⼤到可以和任何事情都沾点边⼉。但是,与美国动荡的过去相⽐,如今的社会各项指标⼏乎都表明不会出现社会环境⿊暗和恶化。

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