We choo to go to the Moon
In this 1962 speech given at Rice University in Houston, Texas, President John F. Kennedy reaffirmed America's commitment to landing a man on the moon before the end of the 1960s. The President spoke 1 in philosophical 2 terms about the need to solve the mysteries of space and also defended the enormous expen of the space program.
手机突然关机开不了机怎么办 President Pitzer, Mr. Vice 3 President, Governor, Congressman 4 Thomas, Senator Wiley, and Congressman Miller 5 , Mr. Webb, Mr. Bell, scientists, distinguished 6 guests, and ladies and gentlemen:
I appreciate your president having made me an honorary visiting professor, and I will assure you that my first lecture will be very brief.
I am delighted to be here and I'm particularly delighted to be here on this occasion.
We meet at a college noted 7 for knowledge, in a city noted for progress, in a state noted for strength, and we stand in need of all three, for we meet in an hour of change and challenge, in a decade of hope and fear, in an age of both knowledge and ignorance. The greater our knowledge increas, the greater our ignorance unfolds.
Despite the striking fact that most of the scientists that the world has ever known are alive and working today, despite the fact that this Nation's own scientific manpower is doubling every 12 years in a rate of growth more than three times that of our population as a whole, despite that, the vast stretches of the unknown and the unanswered and the unfinished still far outstrip 8 our collective comprehension.
No man can fully 9 grasp how far and how fast we have come, but conden, if you will, the 50,000 years of man's recorded history in a time span of but a half-century. Stated in t
he terms, we know very little about the first 40 years, except at the end of them advanced man had learned to u the skins of animals to cover them. Then about 10 years ago, under this standard, man emerged from his caves to construct other kinds of shelter. Only five years ago man learned to write and u a cart with wheels. Christianity began less than two years ago. The printing press came this year, and then less than two months ago, during this whole 50-year span of human history, the steam engine provided a new source of power. Newton explored the meaning of gravity. Last month electric lights and telephones and automobiles 11 and airplanes became available. Only last week did we develop penicillin 12 and television and nuclear power, and now if America's new spacecraft succeeds in reaching Venus, we will have literally 13 reached the stars before midnight tonight.
This is a breathtaking pace, and such a pace cannot help but create new ills as it dispels 14 old, new ignorance, new problems, new dangers. Surely the opening vistas 15 of space promi high costs and hardships, as well as high reward.
So it is not surprising that some would have us stay where we are a little longer to rest, to wait. But this city of Houston, this state of Texas, this country of the United States was not built by tho who waited and rested and wished to look behind them. This country was conquered by tho who moved forward--and so will space.
William Bradford, speaking in 1630 of the founding of the Plymouth Bay Colony, said that all great and honorable actions are accompanied with great difficulties, and both must be enterprid and overcome with answerable courage.
If this capsule history of our progress teaches us anything, it is that man, in his quest for knowledge and progress, is determined 16 and cannot be deterred 17 . The exploration of space will go ahead, whether we join in it or not, and it is one of the great adventures of all time, and no nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in this race for space.
Tho who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolution, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to founder 18 in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it--we mean to lead it. For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon and to the planets beyond, and we have vowed 19 that we shall not e it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not e space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.
Yet the vows 21 of this Nation can only be fulfilled if we in this Nation are first, and, therefore, we intend to be first. In short, our leadership in science and industry, our hopes for peace and curity, our obligations to ourlves as well as others, all require us to make this effort, to solve the mysteries, to solve them for the good of all men, and to become the world's leading space-faring nation.
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We t sail on this new a becau there is new knowledge to be gained, and new rights to be won, and they must be won and ud for the progress of all people. For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own. Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man, and only if the United States occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a a of peace or a new terrifying theater of war. I do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misu 22 of space any more than we go unprotected against the hostile u of land or a, but I do say that space can be explored and mastered without feeding the fires of war, without repeating the mistakes that man has made in extending his writ 10 around this globe of ours.
There is no strife 23 , no prejudice, no national conflict in outer space as yet. Its hazards are hostile to us all. Its conquest derves the best of all mankind, and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation many never come again. But why, some say, the moon? Why choos
e this as our goal? And they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? Why, 35 years ago, fly the Atlantic? Why does Rice play Texas? #p#
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We choo to go to the moon. We choo to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not becau they are easy, but becau they are hard, becau that goal will rve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, becau that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling 24 to postpone 25 , and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.
It is for the reasons that I regard the decision last year to shift our efforts in space from low to high gear as among the most important decisions that will be made during my incumbency 26 in the office of the Presidency 27 . 蒜蓉酱的制作方法
冷露无声湿桂花 In the last 24 hours we have en facilities now being created for the greatest and most complex exploration in man's history. We have felt the ground shake and the air shattered
by the testing of a Saturn 28 C-1 booster rocket, many times as powerful as the Atlas 29 which launched John Glenn, generating power equivalent to 10,000 automobiles with their accelerators on the floor. We have en the site where five F-1 rocket engines, each one as powerful as all eight engines of the Saturn combined, will be clustered together to make the advanced Saturn missile, asmbled in a new building to be built at Cape 30 Canaveral as tall as a 48 story structure, as wide as a city block, and as long as two lengths of this field.
Within the last 19 months at least 45 satellites have circled the earth. Some 40 of them were made in the United States of America and they were far more sophisticated and supplied far more knowledge to the people of the world than tho of the Soviet 31 Union.
The Mariner 32 spacecraft now on its way to Venus is the most intricate instrument in the history of space science. The accuracy of that shot is comparable to firing a missile fr
om Cape Canaveral and dropping it in this stadium between the 40-yard lines.
Transit 33 satellites are helping 34 our ships at a to steer 35 a safer cour. Tiros satellites have given us unprecedented 36 warnings of hurricanes and storms, and will do the same for forest fires and icebergs 37 .
梦见在别人家吃饭>生病用英语怎么说 We have had our failures, but so have others, even if they do not admit them. And they may be less public.
To be sure, we are behind, and will be behind for some time in manned flight. But we do not intend to stay behind, and in this decade, we shall make up and move ahead.
The growth of our science and education will be enriched by new knowledge of our univer and environment, by new techniques of learning and mapping and obrvation, by new tools and computers for industry, medicine, the home as well as the school. Techn
ical institutions, such as Rice, will reap the harvest of the gains.
And finally, the space effort itlf, while still in its infancy 38 , has already created a great number of new companies, and tens of thousands of new jobs. Space and related industries are generating new demands in investment and skilled personnel, and this city and this state, and this region, will share greatly in this growth. What was once the furthest outpost on the old frontier of the West will be the furthest outpost on the new frontier of science and space. Houston, your city of Houston, with its Manned Spacecraft Center, will become the heart of a large scientific and engineering community. During the next 5 years the National Aeronautics 39 and Space Administration expects to double the number of scientists and engineers in this area, to increa its outlays 40 for salaries and expens to $60 million a year; to invest some $200 million in plant and laboratory facilities; and to direct or contract for new space efforts over $1 billion from this center in this city.
To be sure, all this costs us all a good deal of money. This year's space budget is three times what it was in January 1961, and it is greater than the space budget of the previous eight years combined. That budget now stands at $5,400 million a year--a staggering sum, though somewhat less than we pay for cigarettes and cigars every year. Space expenditures 41 will soon ri some more, from 40 cents per person per week to more than 50 cents a week for every man, woman and child in the United States, for we have given this program a high national priority--even though I realize that this is in some measure an act of faith and vision, for we do not now know what benefits await us. But if I were to say, my fellow citizens, that we shall nd to the moon, 240,000 miles away from the control station in Houston, a giant rocket more than 300 feet tall, the length of this football field, made of new metal alloys 42 , some of which have not yet been invented, capable of standing 20 heat and stress veral times more than have ever been experienced, fitted together with a precision better than the finest watch, carrying all the equipment needed for propulsion, guidance, control, communications, food and survival, on an untried mission, to an unknown celestial 43 body, and then return it safely to earth,
re-entering the atmosphere at speeds of over 25,000 miles per hour, causing heat about half that of the temperature of the sun--almost as hot as it is here today--and do all this, and do it right, and do it first before this decade is out--then we must be bold.
I'm the one who is doing all the work, so we just want you to stay cool for a minute. [laughter]
However, I think we're going to do it, and I think that we must pay what needs to be paid. I don't think we ought to waste any money, but I think we ought to do the job. And this will be done in the decade of the Sixties. It may be done while some of you are still here at school at this college and university. It will be done during the terms of office of some of the people who sit here on this platform. But it will be done. And it will be done before the end of this decade.
And I am delighted that this university is playing a part in putting a man on the moon as p
art of a great national effort of the United States of America.
Many years ago the great British explorer George Mallory, who was to die on Mount Everest, was asked why did he want to climb it. He said, "Becau it is there."
Well, space is there, and we're going to climb it, and the moon and the planets are there, and new hopes for knowledge and peace are there. And, therefore, as we t sail we ask God's blessing 44 on the most hazardous 45 and dangerous and greatest adventure on which man has ever embarked 46 .
Thank you.
John F. Kennedy - September 12, 1962
