THE PARADOX OF KNOWLEDGE
关于认知的悖论
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教学家具
The greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its prent status is the acquisition or accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itlf, the world, and the univer.
翻译：人类从古老的类人猿祖先进化到如今的等级，在这漫长的进化中最伟大的成就就是人类对于自身、世界、宇宙的认知的获得和积累。
主干：The achievement is the acquisition or accumulation.
The products of this knowledge are all tho thing that, in the aggregate ,we call “civilization”, including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, the structures we u, and the physical infrastructures of which society us.
翻译：所有这些知识产物，我们称之为“文明”，包括语言、科学、文学、艺术、所有的物理设备，工具、我们使用的结构，以及社会运转依靠的基础设施。
主干：The product are civilization.
Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourlves, the world, and the univer.
翻译：大多数人认为在当今社会人类各方面的知识都在持续增长，以及人类对社会主体新信息的积累逐渐减少了我们对自身、世界、宇宙的未知。
主干：Most of us assume.怎么管理团队
But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our prent ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption.
翻译：但是我们当前仍有庞大的未知领域，一直以来这些无知提醒我们需要对当前人类认知进行一个批判性分析。
主干：reminders invite analysis.
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五福红包
In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution.科学养牛
翻译：有一个比较流行的观点，智力的进化和身体的进化相似，甚至更快速。
主干：intellectual evolution is similar to somatic evolution.
Biological evolution is often described by the statement that “ontogeny recapitulated phylogeny”—meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, pass through successive stages in which it rembles ancestral forms of the human spice.
翻译：生物进化经常被描述为“个体发生学重述到种族发生学”（重演说），意思是：个体的
胚胎，从最初的受精卵发展到人类婴儿的过程中，这一持续发展阶段和人类祖先进化到人类物种是相似的。
主干：Biological evolution is described.
The popular view is that humankind has progresd from a state of innocent ignorance, compared to that of in an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns passing through the veral grades of the educational system.
翻译：比较流行的观点是，人类已经经历了一个天真无知的阶段渐渐获得了越来越多的知识。就像从婴儿时期的无知，在教育系统接受几年的教育后学习成长为一个孩子。
主干：The popular view is that.
Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny rembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is esntially complete, at least in some fields, as if society has graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify the mastery of important subjects.
翻译：在这个观点中隐含了一个假设，假设种族发生学和个体发生学是相似的，因此最终将会进化到一个知识积累基本完整的阶段，至少在一些特定的领域，社会仿佛已经由于精通一些重要课程因此取得最高学位并毕业。
主干：Implicit is an assumption.
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Such view have, in fact, been expresd by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago:
翻译：事实上，这些观点已经被一些著名科学家提出过。1894年著名的美国物理学家阿尔伯特迈克尔逊在芝加哥大学的一次谈话中提到：
主干：view have been expresd.
While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than tho of the past, it ems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and the further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of the principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice. The future truths of Physical Science are to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.
翻译：无法断言物理科学的未来不会出现比以往的发现更令人惊叹的奇迹，似乎大多数伟大的基本定理已经被建立，进一步的努力主要是使得这些准则更为严密地适用于我们观察到的现象。物理科学的将来就是寻找小数点后的第六位（只不过是提高精度）。
主干：it ems that.
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In the century since Michelson's talk, scientists have discovered much more than the refinement of
measurements in the sixth decimal place, and none is willing to make a similar statement today.
翻译：在迈克尔逊谈话之后的一个世纪中，科学家发现了很多比提高测量精度更重要的发现，在今天没有人再愿意去发表类似的说法。
主干：scientists have discovered much.
However, many still cling to the notion that such a stage of knowledge remains a possibility to be attained sooner or later.
翻译：然而，很多人依然坚信，掌握全部知识的时代在将来仍有可能达到。
主干：many cling to the notion.
Steven Hawking, the great English scientist, in his immenly popular book A Brief history of Time, concludes with the speculation that we may “discover a complete theory” that “would be the ultimate triumph of human reason—for then we would know the mind of God”.
翻译：史蒂文霍金，英国著名科学家，在他的著作《时间简史》（1988）中推断，我们最终会“发现一个完全的理论”，这个理论“将会是人类智慧的终极胜利，到那时，我们将会知道上帝的想法”。
主干：Steven Hawking conclude that.
Paul Davies, an Australian physicist, echoes that view by suggesting that the human kind may be able to grasp some of the crets encompasd by the title of his book The Mind of God.
翻译：保罗达维斯，澳大利亚物理学家，他通过提议人类思想能够捕捉到一些秘密，在他的书《上帝的想法》（1992）中提到这些内容，他以此来支持霍金等人的观点。
主干：Paul Davies echoes that view.
Other contemporary scientists write of “the theories of everything”, meaning theories that explain all obrved physical phenomena and Novel laureate Steven Weinberg, one of the funders of the current standard model of physical theory, writes of his Dreams of a Final Theory.
翻译：其他同时代的科学家写了“万物理论”，意思是这个理论可以解释可观察到的所有物理现象。诺贝尔奖获得者史蒂文温伯格，他是目前物理理论标准模型的建立者之一，他写了一本《终极理论之梦》的书。
主干：scientists write of “the theories of everything” and Steven Weinberg writes of his Dreams of a Final Theory.
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Despite the eminence and obvious yearning of the and many other contemporary scientists, there is nothing in the history of science to suggest that any addition of data or theories to the body of scientific knowledge will ever provide answers to all the questions in any field.
负荆请罪的故事翻译：尽管有许多其他当代的著名的科学家和他们对终极理论的向往，在科学历史中没有什么迹象表明，对科学知识新增的数据和理论将会提供对该领域所有问题的解答。
主干：there is nothing.
On the contrary, the history of science indicates that increasing knowledge brings awareness of new areas of ignorance and of new question to be answered.
翻译：相反地，科学的历史表明，日益增长的知识让我们意识到了新领域的无知，以及有新
的问题待被回答。
主干：the history of science indicates that.
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Astronomy is the most ancient of the science, and its development is a model of other fields of knowledge.
翻译：天文学是最古老的科学，它的发展是其他领域知识发展的模型。
主干：Astronomy is ancient, and its development is a model.
People have been obrving the stars and other celestial bodies since the dawn of recorded history. 翻译：从有记载的历史开始人们就已经在观察星星和其他的天体。
As early as 3000 B.C. the Babylonians recognized a number of constellations.
翻译：早在公元前3000年，巴比伦人辨认了许多的星座。
During the first five thousand years or more of obrving the heavens ,obrvation was confined to the narrow band of visible light.
翻译：在观察天空的最初五千年，甚至更久，观察仅仅局限于可见光范围。
In the last half of this century astronomical obrvations have been made across the spectrum of ele
ctromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays, and from satellites beyond the atmosphere.
翻译：在本世纪后半叶，天体观察的范围已经达到了电磁辐射的频谱，包括无线电波，红外线，紫外线，X射线，伽马射线，以及大气层外的卫星。
It is no exaggeration to say that since the end of World War 2 more astronomical data have been gathered than during all of the thousands of years of preceding human history.
翻译：毫不夸张地讲，第二次世界大战结束后人类收集到的天体数据超过了人类历史之前上千年的发展积累。
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However, despite all the improvements in instruments, increasing sophistication of analysis and calculation augments by the massive power of computers, and the huge aggregation of data, or knowledge, We still cannot predict future movements of planets and other elements of even the solar system with a high degree of certainly.
翻译：然而，尽管在仪器仪表、大存储计算机支持的分析及计算、以及大量数据、知识的累积等方面
都有进展，我们仍然不能高度准确地预测天体的未来运动以及太阳系的其他成分。
Ivars Peterson, a highly trained science writer and an editor of Science News, writes in his book Newton's Clock that a surprising subtle chaos provides the solar system. He states:
翻译：伊瓦尔斯皮特森，一个高度训练的科学作家，《科学新闻》的一名编辑，在他的书《牛顿钟表》中写到，一种惊人的、微妙的混沌弥漫在太阳系中。他说：
In one way or another the problem of the solar system's stability has fascinated and tormented astronomer and mathematicians for more than 200 years. Somewhat to the embarrassment of contemporary experts, it remains one of the most perplexing, unsolved issues in celestial mechanics. Each step towards resolving this and related questions would has only expod additional uncertainties and even deeper mysteries.
翻译：无论如何太阳系的稳定性问题在200多年里令无数天文学家和数学家为此着迷并饱受困扰。当前研究进入了一种尴尬，这仍然是天体力学中最复杂最难解决的问题之一。想要解决这个问题及相关问题所前进的每一步都会揭示出新的不确定性以及更深入的秘密。
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Similar problems pervade astronomy. The two major theories of cosmology, general relativity and quantum mechanics, cannot be stated in the same mathematics language, and thus are inconsistent with one another, as the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories were in the sixteenth century, although both contemporary theories continued to be ud, but for different calculations.
宝宝盗汗翻译：相似的问题困扰着天文学。宇宙学中的两大主要理论：广义相对论和量子力学，不能被表述为相同的数学形式，因此两者并不一致，就像16世纪时的托勒密天体理论和哥白尼天体理论，尽管在当时两个理论都被使用，但它们用来做不同的计算。
美丽的图画电影Oxford mathematician Roger Penro, in The Emperor's New Mind, contends that this inconsistency requires a change in quantum theory to provide a new theory he calls “correct quantum gravity”.
翻译：牛津大学数学家罗杰彭罗斯，在著作《皇帝新脑》中提到，这种不统一需要量子理论的改变，量子理论应该提出一个新的理论，他称之为“修正量子引力”。
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The progress of biological and life science has been similar to that of the physical sciences, except that it has occurred veral centuries later.
翻译：生物和生命科学的发展同物理科学发展是类似的，只不过前者晚几个世纪发生。
The theory of biological evolution first came to attention of scientists with the publication of Darwin' s origin of species in 1859.
荞麦茶的功效与作用翻译：生物进化理论首次引起科学家的注意是在1859年达尔文的《物种起源》一书出版时。
But Darwin lacked any explanation of the caus of variation and inheritance of characteristics.
翻译：但是达尔文没有给出任何关于变异和遗传特性发生原因的解释。
The were provided by Gregor Mendel, who laid the mathematical foundation of genetics with the publication of papers in 1865 and 1866.
