VirginiaWoolf英⽂简介
Adeline Virginia Woolf（25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941) was an English author, essayist, publisher, and writer of short stories, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century.
During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. Her most famous works include the novels Mrs Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthou (1927) and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929), with its famous dictum, "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction."
Early life
Virginia Woolf was born Adeline Virginia Stephen in London in 1882 to Sir Leslie Stephen and Julia Prinp Stephen (née Jackson).
Virginia's father, Sir Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), was a notable historian, author, critic and mountaineer.[1] He was the editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, a work which would influence Woolf's later experimental biographies. Virginia's mother Julia Stephen (1846–1895) was a renowned
beauty, born in India to Dr. John and Maria Pattle Jackson. Woolf was educated by her parents in their literate and well-connected houhold at 22 Hyde Park Gate, Kensington. Her parents had each been married previously and been widowed, and, conquently, the houhold contained the children of three marriages.
According to Woolf's memoirs, her most vivid childhood memories were not of London but of St. Ives in Cornwall, where the family spent every summer until 1895. The Stephens' summer home, Talland Hou, looked out over Porthminster Bay, and is still standing today, though somewhat altered. Memories of the family holidays and impressions of the landscape, especially the Godrevy Lighthou, informed the fiction Woolf wrote in later years, most notably To the Lighthou.大相径庭是什么意思
大阳台
晏安鸩毒The sudden death of her mother in 1895, when Virginia was 13, and that of her half-sister Stella two years later, led to the first of Virginia's veral nervous breakdowns. She was, however, able to take cours of study (some at degree level) in Greek, Latin, German and history at the Ladies’ Department of King’s College London between 1897 and 1901,
and this brought her into contact with some of the early reformers of women’s higher education such as Clara Pater, George Warr and Lilian Faithfull (Principal of the King’s Ladies’ Department and note
d as one of the Steamboat ladies).[4] Her sister Vanessa also studied Latin, Italian, art and architecture at King’s Ladies’ Department.
The death of her father in 1904 provoked her most alarming collap and she was briefly institutionalid.[3] Modern scholars (including her nephew and biographer, Quentin Bell) have suggested[5] her breakdowns and subquent recurring depressive periods were also influenced by the xual abu to which she and her sister Vanessa were subjected by their half-brothers George and Gerald Duckworth (which Woolf recalls in her autobiographical essays A Sketch of the Past and 22 Hyde Park Gate).
Throughout her life, Woolf was plagued by periodic mood swings and associated illness. Though this instability often affected her social life, her literary productivity continued with few breaks throughout her life.
推普周活动方案Bloomsbury
After the death of their father and Virginia's cond nervous breakdown, Vanessa and Adrian sold 22 Hyde Park Gate and bought a hou at 46 Gordon Square in Bloomsbury.
Woolf came to know Lytton Strachey, Clive Bell, Rupert Brooke, Saxon Sydney-Turner, Duncan Grant, Leonard Woolf and Roger Fry, who together formed the nucleus of the intellectual circle of writers and artists known as the Bloomsbury Group. Several members of the group attained notoriety in 1910 with the Dreadnought hoax, which Virginia participated in disguid as a male Abyssinian royal. Her complete 1940 talk on the Hoax was discovered and is published in the memoirs collected in the expanded edition of The Platform of Time (2008).
In 1907 Vanessa married Clive Bell, and the couple's interest in avant garde art would have an important influence on Woolf's development as an author.[6]
南瓜豆腐Virginia Woolf married writer Leonard Woolf in 1912. Despite his low material status (Woolf referring to Leonard during their engagement as a "penniless Jew") the couple shared a clo bond. Indeed, in 1937, Woolf wrote in her diary: "Love-making –after 25 years can’t bear to be parate ... you
e it is enormous pleasure being wanted: a wife. And our marriage so complete." The two also collaborated professionally, in 1917 founding the Hogarth Press, which subquently published Virginia's novels along with works by T.S. Eliot, Laurens
van der Post, and others.[7] The Press also commissioned works by contemporary artists, including
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中秋节手抄报模板Dora Carrington and Vanessa Bell.
The ethos of the Bloomsbury group encouraged a liberal approach to xuality, and in 1922 she met the writer and gardener Vita Sackville-West, wife of Harold Nicolson. After a tentative start, they began a xual relationship, which, according to Sackville- West, was only twice consummated.[8] In 1928, Woolf prented Sackville-West with Orlando, a fantastical biography in which the eponymous hero's life spans three centuries and both genders. Nigel Nicolson, Vita Sackville-West's son, wrote "The effect of Vita on Virginia is all contained in Orlando, the longest and most charming love letter in literature, in which she explores Vita, weaves her in and out of the centuries, toss her from one x to the other, plays with her, dress her in furs, lace and emeralds, teas her, flirts with her, drops a veil of mist around her".[9] After
their affair ended, the two women remained friends until Woolf's death in 1941.
Work
Woolf began writing professionally in 1900, initially for the Times Literary Supplement with a journalistic piece about Haworth, home of the Bront? family.[10] Her first novel, The Voyage Out, was published in 1915 by her half-brother's imprint, Gerald Duckworth and Company Ltd. This novel was
originally entitled Melymbrosia, but Woolf repeatedly changed the draft.
Woolf went on to publish novels and essays as a public intellectual to both critical and popular success..
Woolf is considered one of the greatest innovators in the English language. In her works she experimented with stream-of-consciousness and the underlying psychological as well as emotional motives of characters. Woolf's reputation declined sharply after World War II, but her eminence was re-established with the surge of Feminist criticism in the 1970s.[14]
Woolf's work was criticized for epitomizing the narrow world of the upper-middle class English intelligentsia. She was also criticized by some as an anti-Semite, despite her being happily married to a Jewish man. This anti-Semitism is drawn from the fact that she often wrote of Jewish characters in stereotypical archetypes and generalizations, including describing some of her Jewish characters as physically repulsive and dirty.[15].
The intensity of Virginia Woolf's poetic vision elevates the ordinary, sometimes banal ttings – often wartime environments – of most of her novels. For example, Mrs Dalloway (1925) centres on the efforts of Clarissa Dalloway, a middle-aged society woman, to organi a party, even as her life is pa
ralleled with that of Septimus Warren Smith, a working-class veteran who has returned from the First World War bearing deep psychological scars.[19]
Woolf was inspired to write Flush: A Biography book from the success of the Rudolf Besier play, The Barretts of Wimpole Street. In the play, Flush is on stage for much of the action. The play was produced for the first time in 1932 by actress Katharine Cornell.
Her last work, Between the Acts (1941) sums up and magnifies Woolf's chief preoccupations: the transformation of life through art, xual ambivalence, and meditation on the themes of flux of time and life, prented simultaneously as corrosion and rejuvenation—all t in a highly imaginative and symbolic narrative encompassing almost all of English history. .
Her works have been translated into over 50 languages, by writers such as Jorge Luis Borges and Marguerite Yourcenar. Death
美食名字After completing the manuscript of her last novel, Between the Acts, Woolf fell into a depression similar to that which she had earlier experienced. The ont of World War II, the destruction of her London home during the Blitz, and the cool reception given to her biography of her late friend Roger Fry all worned her condition until she was unable to work.[12] On 28 March 1941, Woolf put on he
r overcoat, filled its pockets with stones, and walked into the River Ou near her home and drowned herlf. Woolf's body was not found until 18 April 1941.[25] Her husband buried her cremated remains
under an elm in the garden of Monk's Hou, their home in Rodmell, Susx.
In her last note to her husband she wrote: Dearest, I feel certain that I am going mad again. I feel we can't go through another of tho terrible times. And I shan't recover this time. I begin to hear voices, and I can't concentrate. So I am doing what ems the best thing to do. You have given me the greatest possible happiness. You have been in every way all that anyone could be. I don't think two people could have been happier 'til this terrible dia came. I can't fight any longer. I know that I am spoiling your life, that without me you could work. And you will I know. You e I can't even write this properly. I can't read. What I want to say is I owe all the happiness of my life to you. You have been entirely patient with me and incredibly good. I want to say that –everybody knows it. If anybody could have saved me it would have been you. Everything has gone from me but the certainty of your goodness. I can't go on spoiling your life any longer. I don't think two people could have been happier than we have been.
