Zhifang Waiji and the Introduction
of Western Hydraulic Works to China五一休息几天
Albert Koenig①大难临头
结果导向㊀㊀Abstract：In the cour of their missionary work，the Jesuits played an im-portant role in the transmission of Western science and technology to China during the17th and18th century.Whilst their contributions to astronomy，calendar mak-ing，mathematics，geography and mechanical knowledge have been extensively in-vestigated，their impact on hydraulic engineering in China has received little atten-tion so far.As a ca in point，Giulio Aleni S.J.published in1623Zhifang Waiji [职方外纪，Chronicle of Foreign Lands]，the first detailed world geography in Chine，wherein he briefly described veral famous Western hydraulic engineer-ing works，namely the water-lifting machine of Toledo，the aqueduct of Segovia，the fountains of the Villad'Este，the aqueducts of Rome，the water cities of Venice and Mexico，and the Archimedean screw pump.The importance and significance of th
e works will be described within its contemporary context，using historical drawings and maps.Finally，possible reasons for lecting the works as well as their potential impact on Chine hydraulic engineering are briefly discusd.
1㊀Introduction
春节去哪里旅游合适Jesuit interest in hydrotechnical questions commenced when Christopher Cla-vius succeeded in introducing mathematics as a required cour in the Ratio Studi-
①Adjunct Professor，Department of Civil Engineering，The University of Hong Kong，Hong Kong，
China E-mail address：kalbert@hkucc.hku.hk.
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orum.This document of1599standardized the global system of Jesuit education and modernized European university education.Henceforth mathematics was taught in-dependently of philosophy，and included astronomy，arithmetic and Euclidean ge-ometry as well as a wide range of related scie
nces such as mechanics，hydrology，hydrostatics，hydrotechnics，etc.Hence most Jesuits got a good grounding in basic scientific knowledge，especially tho who studied at the Collegio Romano under the most distinguished Jesuit mathematicians.After the first Jesuit missionaries en-tered China in1582they soon discovered，in particular Matteo Ricci，S.J.（利玛窦，1552-1610）that access to the ruling literati class succeeded best via intro-ducing European science and technology.Whilst the Jesuit contributions to astrono-my，calendar making，mathematics，geography and mechanical knowledge have been extensively investigated（Standaert，2003），their impact on hydraulic engi-neering in China has received little attention.This paper will take a clor look at Zhifang Waiji[职方外纪，Chronicle of Foreign Lands]，published in1623by Giulio Aleni，S.J.（艾儒略，1582-1649）and Yang Tingyun（杨廷筠，1557-1627）.Though being the first detailed world geography in Chine，it also men-tions veral Western hydraulic engineering works.The objective of this paper is to describe the importance and significance of the works within their contemporary context，as well as to evaluate their potential influence on Chine hydraulic engi-neering.
2㊀Giulio Aleni，S.J.（1582-1649）
Aleni's life has become the subject of academic study only recently.He spent his career in the provinces outside Peking and never rved any emperor as astron-omer，surveyor，clock-maker，
diplomat or court painter，hence he has been largely overlooked in the past（Luk，1977）.However，in the wake of the400-year anniversary celebrations of his birth，interest has greatly inscread.His home town of Brescia，Italy，created a special rearch center to investigate his life and work through the organization of symposia and publication of his writings，e.
g.Menegon（1994），Lippiello（1997），de Troia（2009）.Now Aleni is consid-
幼儿家庭教育
Zhifang Waiji and the Introduction of Western Hydraulic Works to China
381 ered one of the most distinguished and successful Jesuits in China，with a large number of important religious and scientific works to his name，all written in Chi-ne.
Early biographical information on Aleni can be found in Pfister（1932），with emphasis on his missionary work in China.Luk（1977）and Menegon（1994）sup-plied biographies in connection with their rearch on Zhifang Waiji，the best known scientific work of Aleni.Chan（1997）and Colpo（1997）added some new aspects.Collani（？）summarized the available information providing a long list of references and literature on Aleni.Below follows a brief biographical sketch bad largely on Collani and others，highlighting his education in the sciences. Aleni was born in1582into a family of lower nobility in Brescia，an ancient Italian city in the Republic of Venice.In15
97，he entered the Collegio San An-tonio in Brescia，where he studied humanities till1600.Then he joined the Jesuits and stayed two years at the novitiate of the Venetian Jesuit Province in Novellara，followed by the typical Jesuit formation according to the Ratio Studiorum.From 1602to1605he studied philosophy at the Jesuit college of Parma taking the re-quired cours of mathematics and physics under the Belgian Jesuit P.Johannes Verbier S.J.Then he taught for two years humanities at the Jesuit run college for the nobility in Bologna.There he read the books of the famous astronomer and ge-ographer Giovanni Antonio Magini（1555-1617），who was a professor for Astron-omy at the University of Bologna.Becau of the papal interdict of1606against the Republic of Venice，Aleni was prevented from returning there for his theological studies but，as one of the brightest students in his class，was invited to the Colle-gio Romano in Rome.There he probably studied mathematics with the Flemish Jes-uit P.Odo van Maelcote S.J.（1572-1615）since the famous astronomer and mathematician Christopher Clavius S.J.（1537-1612）was not actively teaching anymore.Finally，his wish to become a missionary was granted by the Jesuit gener-al Claudio Aquaviva，with destination to China.He left Lisbon on March23，1609 on the Nossa Senhora da Piedade .At the end of1610，he reached Goa，and in January1611，he arrived in the Portugue enclave of Macau.
In Macau，Aleni studied the Chine language and taught mathematics at
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St.Paul's College from1611to1613.In a letter of1611，he reported to Professor Magini in Bologna about a lunar eclip he had obrved on January9，1610in Goa，and a solar eclip he had obrved on15December1610in Macau.In 1613，he entered China together with other Jesuits.At that time there were about 20Jesuits in China.In the same year he went to Shanghai and from then on he worked as a missionary in Kaifeng，Nanjing，Shanghai，Hangzhou（1616-1617），Yangzhou，again Hangzhou，Jiangzhou（1619）and Changshu（1623）. In1625he founded the mission in Fujian where he died after various success and vicissitudes in1649.
Chan（1977）lists five scientific writings of Aleni：
交通工具的英语1.Zhifang Waiji[Chronicle of Foreign Lands]，printed1623in Hang-
zhou，reprinted1626in Hangzhou；
2.Xixuefan[European Knowledge and Scholarship]，printed1623in
Hangzhou；
3.Xingxue Cushu[Compendium of Psychology]，compod in1624，
printed in1646in Fujian；
4.Jihe Yaofa[Esntial Methods of Geometry]，printed1631in
Fujian；and，
乐知英语培训5.Xifang Dawen[Replies to Questions about the West]，printed1637.
Of the above mentioned works，he considers only1and4as scientific works in the strict n，while3belongs to the category of philosophy，and2and5are introductions to the culture of the West.
3㊀Zhifang Waiji
Zhifang Waiji has no single author but is actually a collective effort by veral Jesuits.Li Zhizao（李之藻，1565-1630）writes in his preface that both Diego de Pantoja（庞迪我，1571-1618）and Sabatino de Ursis（熊三拔，1575-1620）were ordered by the Wanli Emperor（万历，1572-1620）to offer an explanation to the map that Matteo Ricci（利玛窦，1552-1610）had prented to the emper-
