《高级英语阅读二》期末试题
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I Read Lesson 8 ，Text A “The Girl in the Fifth Row”， translate the following two ntences into Chine. (阅读教材《高级英语阅读教程（下册） 》第八课课文A，翻译以下句子)
On my first day as an assistant professor of education at the University of Southern California, I entered the classroom with a great deal of anxiety. My large class responded to my awkward smile and brief greeting with silence. For a few moments I fusd with my notes. Then I started my lecture, stammering; no one emed to be listening.
II Read lesson 3 ,Text A “To the Victor Belongs the Language”, answer the following Questions (阅读教材第三课课文A ，回答问题建设工程项目)：
To the Victor Belongs the Language
By Rita Mae Brown
Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its people come from and where they are going. A study of the English language reveals a dramatic history and astonishing versatility. It is the language of survivors, of conquerors, of laughter.
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A word is more like a pendulum than a fixed entity. It can sweep by your ear and through its very sound suggest hidden meanings; preconscious associations. Listen to the words: "blood," "tranquil," "democracy.'' Besides their literal meanings, they carry associations that are cultural as well as personal.
One word can illustrate this idea of meaning in flux: "revolution." The word enters English in the 14th century from Latin via French. (At least that's when it was first written; it may have been spoken earlier.) "Revolution" means a turning around; that was how it was ud. Most often "revolution'' was applied to astronomy to describe a planet revolving in space. The word carried no political meaning.
"Rebellion" was the loaded political word. It too comes from Latin (as does about 60 percent of our word pool), and it means a renewal of war. In the I4th century "rebellion" w
as ud to indicate a resistance to lawful authority. This can yield amusing results. Whichever side won called the lors rebels—they, the winners, being the repositories of virtue and more gunpowder. This meaning lingers today. The Confederate fighters are called rebels. Since the North won that war, it can be dismisd as a rebellion and not called a revolution. Whoever wins the war redefines the language. 成长的句子
"Revolution" did not acquire a political meaning in English until at least the 16th century. Its meaning—a circular movement — was still tied to its origin but had spilled over into politics. It could now mean a turnaround in power. This is more complicated than you might think.
东北农家饭The 16th century, vibrant, cruel, progressive, held as a persistent popular image the wheel of fortune—an image familiar to anyone who has played with a tarot deck. Human beings dangle on a giant wheel. Some are on the bottom turning upward, some are on the top, and some are hurtling toward the ground. It's as good an image as any for the sudden twists and turns of Fate, Life or the Human Condition. This idea was so dominant
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可爱熊猫at the time that the word "revolution" absorbed its meaning. Instead of a card or a complicated explanation of the wheel of fortune, that one word captured the concept. It's a concept we would do well to remember.
Politically, "rebellion" was still the more potent word. Cromwell's izure of state power in the mid-I 7th century came to be called the Great Rebellion becau Charles Ⅱ followed Cromwell in the restoration of monarchy. Cromwell didn't call his own actions rebellious. In I689 when William and Mary took over the throne of England, the event was tagged the Glorious Revolution. "Revolution" is benign here and politically inferior in intensity to "rebellion".
By 1796 a shift occurred and "revolution'' had come to mean the subversion or overthrow of tyrants. Rebellion, specifically, was a subversion of the laws. Revolution was personal. So we had the American Revolution, which dumped George III out of the Colonies, and the French Revolution, which gave us the murder of Louis XVI and the spectacle of a nation devouring itlf. If you're a Marxist you can recast that to mean one class destroyi
ng another. At any rate, the French Revolution was a bloodbath and "revolution" began to get a bad name as far as monarchists were concerned and holy significance as far as Jacobins were concerned. By that time "revolution" was developing into the word we know today—not just the overthrow of a tyrant but action bad on belief in a new principle. Revolution became a political idea, not just a political act.
The Russian Revolution, the Chine Revolution, the Cuban Revolution—by now "revolution" is the powerful word, not "rebellion.'' In the late 1960's and early 1970's young Americans ud the word "revolution" indiscriminately. True, they wanted political power, they were oppod to tyrants and believed in a new political principle (or an old one, depending on your outlook) called participatory democracy. However, that period of unrest, with its attendant creativity, did not produce a revolution. The word quickly became corrupted until by the 80's "revolution'' was a word ud to ll running shoes.
Whither goest thou, Revolution?
1. What is the implied meaning of the last ntence of paragraph 1 “It is the langua
科学小故事ge of survivors ,of conquerors ,of laughter”
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2, Can you give some other examples in English or in Chine to show that language is constantly changing?
