三角形有几个外角Qufu, Confucius and Confucianism
I About Qufu
考拉小巫Qufu is the hometown of Confucius, a great educator, thinker, philosopher, and the founder of the Confucian School of Thought（儒家思想）. Qufu has three basic attractions: the Confucius Temple (the largest Confucian temple in the world. The Hall of Great Achievements大成殿is usually considered to be the temple’s most impressive building.), the Confucius Mansion (is also referred to as Yanshenggong Mansion衍圣公府), and the Confucius Forest (is also referred to as The Confucian Family Cemetery). Besides the, there are other sights related to Confucius, such as: the City of Six Arts (六艺城：礼rites、乐music、射archery、御charoiteering、书calligraphy、数mathematics )金融霸权, the Cave of Confucius（夫子洞）.
II About Confucius
Confucius was listed in the first place among the world’s ten great thinkers by the 鼠和龙合不合People’s Almanac 《人民年鉴手册》which was published in America in 1984.
Confucius was born in 551B.C in Qufu. Qufu was then the capital of the Lu State, a place rich with historical documents and abundant in cultural relics. The environment had great influence on the growth of young Confucius.
Young Confucius was unfortunate. His father died when he was only three years old. With the painstaking care of the mother, Confucius grew to be a teenager, well bred and well cultivated.
When he was about 16, his mother pasd away and he was left alone to live a hard life, but it emed that he managed it quite well. At 19, Confucius married Madame Qiguan, and one year later their son was born. In order to show respect to Duke Zhao, he named his son Kong Li (in Chine Li just means carp) becau the Duke granted him a carp.
When Confucius was about 30, he started the first private school in Chine history. Beca
u he believed “there are no distinctions in education长白山旅游最佳时间”（有教无类）, he enrolled students of various social status. Thus, he had changed the situation in which education was run only by the official government and monopolized by the aristocrats. During his lifetime, he trained and taught 3,000 disciples, 72 of them were outstanding and later became important government officials. Probably becau of his great contribution in education, he was conferred the title “The Teacher of all ages” by the following emperors.
In the year of 501 B.C., when he was 51, Confucius started his political career. He was first appointed Head of Zhong Du (a place west of Qufu, which is now called Wen Shang County), then the minister of construction and road building, and then chief of justice and foreign affairs. At the posts, his talent as a statesman and diplomat was well displayed. However, shortly after he took office, disputes aro between Confucius and some ministers on how to govern the state. Three years later, Confucius gave up his position and left the Lu State, beginning his traveling from state to state.
Since 497 BC, with dozens of his disciples and followers, Confucius traveled to the State
s of Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, and Chu. By doing this, he wanted to find some other chances to realize his political principles, i.e. to help the rulers to run the states with benevolence and by virtues, and to restore peace, prosperity and harmony in the society. But he failed again and again, so at the age of 68, he returned to his home country--- the Lu State. He pasd away at the age of 73.
In his last five years, he compiled and edited six books: Book of Changes, Book of History, Book of Poetry, Book of Rites, Book of Music, Spring and Autumn Annals（六经：《易》、《书》、《诗》、《礼》、《乐》、《春秋》）which are regarded as “Classics” by the Confucians and feudal rulers of later generations, and regarded ad the source of the traditional Chine culture by people today.
The Analects of Confucius（论语）用什么洗脚去脚臭爬格子练习, a recorded work of Confucius’ conversations and conducts, embodying much of his personality and thought, was made by his disciples after his death.
III About Confucius’ thoughts
Confucius’ thought is rich and profound, mainly consists of the theories of benevolence（仁）, Great Harmony（大同）, rites 沉寂的拼音(礼) and the doctrine of the mean（中庸）, covering various fields of social sciences, such as philosophy, sociology, ethics, education and political science. His examples and teaching have cast great impact on the development of human society, having not only a far-reaching historical significance, but also an important and realistic significance. In 1988, the Nobel Prize winners made the asrtion in Paris that if mankind is to survive it must go back 25 centuries in time to tap the wisdom of Confucius.
1. Confucius’ thought of Benevolence
Benevolence is the nucleus and the foundation of Confucius’ thought. It contains various connotations. The first and the general connotation of benevolence is “to love the people”. “To love the people” embodies the spirit of humanitarianism that reflects human nature. According to Confucius, “to love the people” means to love all people, no matter what kind of social status they maintain.
The connotation of benevolence can be understood from three aspects: family, government and one’s lf-cultivation.
Filial piety and fraternal duty are the moral norms to which Confucius attached great importance. They take an important position in Confucius’ theory of benevolence. To love the people, one should, first of all, love his parents, brothers, and sisters, and his family members. If one does not love his parents, it is absolutely impossible for him to love other people.
