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Early Ideas about Deep-a Biology
In 1841 Edward Forbes was offered the chance to rve as naturalist aboard HMS Beacon,an English Royal Navy ship assigned to survey the Aegean Sea.For a year and a half the Beacon crisscrosd the Aegean waters.During that time Forbes was able to drag his small,triangular dredge—a tool with a leather net for capturing creatures along the a bottom—at a hundred locations,at depths ranging from 6 to 1,380 feet.He collected hundreds of different species of animals,and he saw that they were distributed in eight different depth zones,each containing its own distinct asmblage of animal life,the way zones of elevation on the side of a mountain are populated by distinct ts of plants.
Forbes also thought he saw,as he later told the British Association,that“the number of species and individuals diminishes as we descend,pointing to a zero in the distribution of animal life as yet unvisited.”This zero,Forbes casually speculated—he simply extended a line on his graph of animal number versus depth—probably began at a depth of 1,800 feet.
Below that was the final zone in Forbes’s scheme,zone nine,a zone that covered most of the ocean floor and thus most of the solid surface of Earth:Forbes called this the azoic zone,where no animal,to say nothing of plants,could survive.
Forbes’s azoic zone was entirely plausible at the time,and it was certainly far from the strangest idea that was then entertained about the deep a.In the first decade of the nineteenth century,a French naturalist named François Péron had sailed around the world measuring the temperature of the ocean.He found that the deeper the water,the colder it got,and he concluded that the afloor was covered with a thick layer of ice.Péron ignored the fact that water expands when it freezes and that ice therefore floats.A more popular belief at the time was that water at great depth would be compresd to such a density that nothing could sink through it.This ignored the fact that water is all but incompressible.But even the more nsible naturalists of the day were guilty of a similar misconception.They imagined the deep a as being filled with an unmoving and undisturbable pool of cold,den water.In reality the deep is always being refreshed by cold water sinking from above.鸡蛋炒土豆
The central implication of all the misconceptions was that nothing could live in the abyss(deep),just as Forbes’s obrvations emed to indicate.But Forbes erred in two ways.One was the particular study site he happened to u as a springboard for his sweeping postulate of a lifeless abyss.Although the Aegean had been the birthplace of marine biology,its depths are now known to be exceptionally lacking in animal diversity.Moreover,through no fault of his own,Forbes was not particularly successful at sampling such life as did exist at the bottom of the Aegean.It was his dredge that was inadequate.Its opening was so small and the holes in the net so large that the dredge inevitably misd animals.Many of tho it did catch must have poured out of its open mouth when Forbes reeled it in.His azoic zone,then,was a plausible but wild extrapolation from pioneering but feeble data.
As it turned out,the existence of the azoic zone had been disproved even before Forbes suggested it,and the theory continued to be contradicted regularly throughout its long and influential life.Searching for the Northwest Passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific in 1818,Sir John Ross had lowered his“deep-a clam”—a sort of bivalved diment scoop—dnf结婚
into the waters of Baffin Bay(an inlet between the Atlantic and Arctic oceans),which he determined to be more than a thousand fathoms deep in some places.Modern soundings indicate he overestimated his depths by veral hundred fathoms,but in any ca Ross’s clam dove veral times deeper than Forbes’s dredge.It brought back mud laced with worms,and starfish that had entangled themlves in the line at depths well below the suppod boundary of the azoic zone.
Question 1
According to paragraph 1,why was the HMS Beacon in the Aegean Sea?
A.To capture creatures along the a bottom
卖枕头B.To provide Forbes with transportation back and forth across the Aegean
13世纪>关于蜜蜂的作文C.To test the effectiveness of a new type of dredge
D.To carry out a survey of the Aegean Sea
Paragraph 1 is marked with an arrow国际妇女节
正确答案：D
题目详解
题型分类：事实信息题
虎牙主播排名>四大意识
题干分析：关键词HMS Beacon，Aegean，用关键词可以定位到第一段的第一句In 1841 Edward Forbes was offered the chance to rve as naturalist aboard HMS Beacon,an English Royal Navy ship assigned to survey the Aegean Sea.从同位语可以得出，HMS Beacon是用来调查A海的。
选项分析：
D选项：是原文的同义复述，正确。
A选项：对应文中He collected hundreds of different species of animals，但是这仅仅是他做的一部分工作，与原文无关。
B选项：意思是给F提供来回A海的交通工具，原文未提到，无中生有。
C选项：意思是测试新采集船的有效性。原文未提到，属于无中生有。
Question 2
Which of the ntences below best express the esntial information in the highlighted ntence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out esntial information.
