独立主格结构精讲精练
一、概述
独立主格结构又叫独立结构（absolute construction），由名词/主格代词+ 现在分词（或过去分词、不定式、名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成。在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子。具有以下特点：
（1）在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、让步、行为方式或伴随情况。
（2）可置于句首，也可放在句尾。
（3）主要用于书面语。
（4）它的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同，不指同一人或同一物。
（5）be动词在独立主格结构中一般转化为being。
二、独立主格结构的构成
1.名词或主格代词+名词
在这种结构中，独立主格结构中的名词与前面的名词或代词之间在逻辑上有主系表关系，在句子中主要作伴随、原因等状语或作进一步说明。此结构也可写成：名词或代词＋ being ＋名词，其中being是非谓语（系）动词，往往省略，但being的逻辑主语是人称代词时，being不能省略。名词的逻辑主语为人称代词时，应用主格形式。
①He fought against the thief, a stick (being) his only weapon (= and a stick was his only weapon). 他和
省考公务员报名时间这个贼打斗，一根棍子是他唯一的武器。
②He has translated the whole book into English, an English-Chine dictionary (being) his tool.
(=and an English-Chine dictionary was his tool.)
用一本英汉字典作工具，他把整本书翻译成了英语。
③It being Sunday (=As it was Sunday), I didn’t go to school.（句中的being不能省略）
因为是星期天，我没有上课。
2.名词/主格代词+现在分词（表示主动含义和动作正在进行）
马桥小学名词/主格代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
① Weather permitting (= If time permits)，we are going to visit you tomorrow.
天气许可的话，我们明天去看你。(表示条件)
② Spring coming on (= When spring came on), the trees turned green.
春天来了，树木绿油油的。(表示时间)
③It being Sunday (= As it was Sunday), they had no class.
由于是星期天，他们不上课。(表示原因，此时being不能省略)
④Mother being ill (= Becau mother was ill), I have to stay home to look after her.
妈妈病了, 我只好在家照顾他。(表示原因)
⑤There being no bus (= Becau there was no bus), we had to walk home.
因为没有公共汽车，我们只好步行回家。(表示原因)
注意：
（1）如果该结构表示的动作先发生，则用“名词/主格代词+having done”的形式，含义为“……已经……”。
例如：
The students having finished their homework (= After the students finished their homework), we went home.
学生做完家庭作业后，我们回家了。
（2）如果该结构表示“……正在被……”，则用“名词/主格代词+being done”的形式,being不能省略。例如：Food being cooked (= When food was being cooked), I fell asleep.
当食物正在被烹饪的时候，我睡着了。
3.名词/主格代词+过去分词（表示被动含义和动作的完成）
名词/主格代词通常为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关
系。
①The signal given (= After the signal was given), the bus started.
发出信号后，汽车开始前进。(表示时间)
②Their strength exhausted (= Becau their strength was exhausted), they sank down one by one.
他们精疲力竭，一个接一个倒下了。(表示原因)
③All things considered (= If all things are considered), her suggestion is of greater value than yours.
若全面考虑，她的建议比你的建议有价值。（表示条件）
④He sat silently, eyes clod (= and his eyes were clod) .
他静静地坐着，双眼紧闭。（表示伴随状况或方式）
注意：如果要明确时间上的先后顺序，该结构有时可以用“名词/主格代词+having been done”的形式，含义为“……已经被……”。但是having been可以省略，因为过去分词本身就表示动作完成。例如：The work having been finished (= After the work was finished), he left the workshop.
工作完成以后，他离开了车间。
4.名词/主格代词+形容词/副词（表示状态或特征）
支教小山村形容词/副词常用来说明名词或主格代词的性质特征及所处状态。在该结构中，形容词或副词前其实省略了being.
①Everything (being) ready (= When everything was ready), they started out.
一切准备停当，他们开始出发。（表示时间）
②The children were making a snowman, hands (being) red with cold.
(= and their hands were red with cold)
孩子们在对雪人，手都冻红了。（表示伴随状况）
③The meeting (being) over (= When the meeting was over), the students were dismisd.
会议结束，学生们解散了。（表示时间）
④The boy looked at the beautiful picture, eyes (being) wide open(= and his eyes were wide open). （wide:
adv 完全地）
这个孩子看着这幅美丽的图画，眼睛睁得大大的。（表示伴随状况）
5.名词/主格代词+不定式（多表示将来含义，有时也表示过去含义）
(1) 名词/主格代词是不定式所表示的动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系，此时不定式用
晚期能治好吗主动形式。
①The teacher to help us (= If the teacher to help us), we will succeed.
有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。（表示条件和将来含义）
②He invited us to e a film, he himlf to buy the tickets (= and he himlf bought the tickets).
他请我们看了一场电影，他自己买的票。（表示补充说明和过去含义）
(2) 如果名词/主格代词与不定式构成被动关系, 此时不定式用被动形式(to be done)。
The meeting to be held tomorrow (= Becau the meeting is to be held tomorrow)，we must catch the first bus. 因为会议明天要被召开，所以我们必须赶上第一班汽车。（表示原因）
6.名词/主格代词+ 介词短语（表示状态或特征）
介词短语常用来说明名词或主格代词的特征或所处的状态。
①The old man sat in the chair, book in hand and pipe in mouth (= and a book was in his hand and a pipe
工厂车间was in his mouth). 老人坐在椅子上，手里拿着书，嘴里叼着烟斗。（表示伴随状况）
②The old farmer came back, a large basket on his shoulder (= and a large basket was on his shoulder). 老
农回来，一个大筐扛在肩上。（表示伴随状况）
注意：在该结构中，介词前后的名词前都可以加上限定词，也可以都不加。不加限定词时，介词前后的名词一般用单数形式。例如：
He entered the classroom, hat on head.
他进入教室，帽子戴在头上。
三、其他形式的独立主格结构
1.It形式的独立结构（表示自然现象、时间、距离或环境状况等）
It being Monday, the library is clod.
It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.
2.倒装结构（即在独立结构中，逻辑主语在后）
(1) there being形式（含义为“有……”, being不能省略）
①There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
没有汽车，我们只好步行回家。
②There being lots of work to do, we can’t give you a hand.
有很多工作要做，我们无法帮助你。
(2) such being形式
①Such being the ca, she had nothing to say.
情况就这样，她没有什么要说。
②Such being the fact, he had to admit his mistake.
事实如此, 他只好承认他的错误。
毒品对青少年的危害(3) 介词短语形式
In the sand being the mark of a man’s foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear.
沙地里是一个男子的脚印，Crusoe注视着脚印，充满了恐惧。
注意：being在下列情况下不能省略：
①独立主格结构的主语为it或there。
②独立主格结构用倒装句式。
③用于“名词/主格代词+being done”结构中。
四、介词with / without复合结构
1.这种结构的构成和含义如下：
doing (表示动作的主动和进行)
done （表示动作的被动和完成）
to do (表示将来)
With / without + 名词/宾格代词+
adj / adv (表示状态或特征)
介词短语（表示状态或特征）
名词（表示状态或特征）
◆“With / without + 名词/宾格代词+名词”使用的情形很少。
◆该结构作状语可以表示时间、原因、方式、伴随状况等含义；有时候也可以作定语。
①With the boy leading the way, we are sure we’ll be there on time.
有男孩带路，我们有把握我们会准时到那儿。（表示原因）
②The classroom is very bight with all the lights turned on.
所有的灯都打开，教室里非常明亮。（表示时间）
③I can’t go out, with a lot of work to do.
我不能出去，因为有很多工作要做。（表示原因）
怎样调羊肉饺子馅最好吃④Don’t talk with your mouth full.
不要嘴里含着东西谈话。（表示方式）
⑤With the light off, we can’t e anything.
灯灭了，我们什么也看不见。（表示原因）
⑥He fought the tiger without a stick as his only weapon.
他与老虎搏斗, 没有一根棍子作为武器。（表示方式）
⑦The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
老师进入了教室，手里拿着一本书。（表示伴随状况）
⑧He reached the beautiful river with red flowers and green trees on both sides.
他来到了两岸长满红花绿树的这条河上。（作后置定语，修饰river）
2.独立主格结构与with复合结构的区别：
独立主格结构和with / without 的复合结构在大多数情况下可以相互转换。例如：
①He stood for an instant with his hand still raid. 他仍然举着手站了一会儿。
→He stood for an instant，his hand still raid.
②He could be en with his legs wrapped around the trunk and his blond head sticking out above the
branches. 只见他双腿盘着树干，长满金黄头发的头伸出树枝以上。
→He could be en，his legs wrapped around the trunk and his blond head sticking out above the
branches.
③Without any money left，he had no choice but to borrow some from his friend. 由于手头拮据，他只得
向他的朋友借一些钱。
→No money left，he had no choice but to borrow some from his friend.
④With him sitting next to her，she felt safe. 有他坐在身旁，她感到很安全。
→He sitting next to her，she felt safe.
以上两种结构所表达的意思基本相同。所不同的是with复合结构常用于日常生活中，更口语化。而独立主格结构则多用于描绘文字，即多用于文学中，使之所描绘的内容更加生动有色。如：
①He sat in the front row，his mouth half open，his eyes looking straight up，his head thrust forward
so as
not to miss a single word.
他坐在前排，口半张，眼直视，头前倾，生怕漏掉一个字。
② A bamboo hat on his head，straw sandals on his feet，carrying pole on his shoulder，folk song in mouth，
the young peasant climbed up to the mountain step by step.
那个年轻的农夫头戴斗笠，脚穿草鞋，肩扛扁担，口哼山歌，一步一步登上山来。
练习一：综合训练
I.指出下列句子中的独立结构
1. In front of the hou was a tall tree, its top well above the tops of the other trees.
2. The mid-term examination was over, the final examination to come in two months.
3. The boy stood there, his eyes full of tears.
4. A young policeman stood in the street, holding a little red flag, his face red with cold.
5. The teacher sat in her chair, surrounded by her students, a happy look in her eyes.
6. With nothing to eat, he died of hunger.
7. A tall man came into the bank, wearing a pair of dark glass, his face hidden by an upturned (翻起的) collar and a cap pulled
over his brows.
8. Mary left the office with tears in her eyes.
9. Such being the ca, you have no reasons for dismissing him.
儿童食物
10.He lay on his back, his teeth t, his right hand clenched on his breast, and his glaring eyes looking straight upward.
II.用独立结构改正下列句子中的错误
1. Being freezing cold, she had to dress herlf in warm clothes.
2. Having finished his homework, we went home.
3. A young mother was taking a walk in the schoolyard, followed her little son.
4. His bike wrong, he has to walk to school.
5. Tom rushed into my room, with his clothes covering with snow.
6. They were angry with their money to be stolen.
III.单项填空
1.The lecture ______, he left his at so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker.
A. began
B. beginning
C. having begun
D. being beginning
2. Such ______ the ca, I have no other choices.
A. being
B. is
C. was
D. to be
3.Darkness ______ in, the young people strolled on the streets.
A. t
B. tting
C. has t
D. was t
4.With all factors ______, we think this program may be better than all the others in achieving the goal.
A. being considered
B. considering
C. considered
D. are considered
5. A new technique ______, the production incread by 20 percent.
A. to have been worked out
B. having worked out
C. working out
D. having been worked out
6. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears ______, alert, listening.
A. pointed
B. pointing
C. are pointed
D. are pointing
7. Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the offic e, but our work ______, we didn’t accept the offer.
A. not being finished
B. not having finished
C. had not been finished
D. was not finished
8. There are various kinds of metals, each ______ its own properties (特性).
A. has
B. had
C. to have
D. having
9. The old man stood under a big tree, ______.
A. a pipe in mouth
B. with a pipe in mouth
C. pipe in mouth
D. pipe in his mouth
10. The production ______ steadily, the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw material (原料).
A. has gone up
B. is going up
C. having gone up
D. being gone up
11. ________, there is no school.
A. It is Sunday
B. It was Sunday
C. It will be Sunday
D. It being Sunday
12. ________, all the students ran out of the classroom.
A. Class was over
B. Class is over
C. Class over
D. When class over
13. ________, everything has changed.
A. Time goes on
B. Time going on
C. As time going on
D. With time went on
14. He was lying on the grass, his hands________ under his head.
A. crossing
B. crosd
C. was crossing
D. were crosd
15. The storm________ their hou, they had to live in a cave.
A. destroyed
B. destroying
C. having destroyed
D. being destroyed
16. He entered the room, ________.
