动词时态(三) 被动语态
一. 本周教学内容：
1. 动词时态（三）
2. 国庆贺卡被动语态
二. 重点、难点：
瞬时动词与持续性动词
动语时态（三）
一. 时间和条件状语从句中的动词时态
1. 在时间和条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替将来时，用现在完成时代替将来完成时。
e. g. I’ll let you know as soon as he telephones me.
他一来电话我就告诉你。
If he doesn’t invite me, I won’t go to the ceremory.
如果他不请我，我就不去参加仪式。
The more you practi, the better you’ll master the language.
你练习越多，语言掌握得越好。
It won’t be long before we meet again.
我们不久就会见面。
Tom won’t go out to play unless he has finished his job.
课题研究思路怎么写除非完成工作汤姆不会出去玩。
They will tour the country after they have had the meeting.
他们开会后将到各地旅游。
有时也可以用现在进行时强调动作的进行。
e. g. Don’t disturb him if he is working now.
如果他现在在工作的话，别打扰他。
Don’t interrupt me when I am speaking.
我讲话时别打断我。
2. 用一般过去时代替过去将时，过去完成时代替过去将来完成时。
e. g.
He said he would come if he had time.
他说如果有时间他会来。
The beggar said he wouldn’t leave unless I gave him some money.
乞丐说我不给他点钱他就不走。
They agreed that they would help t up a night school as soon as they had raid enough money.
他们同意一筹到足够的钱就办一所夜校。
3. 在含时间状语从句的主从复合句中，为了强调主句和从句谓语动词，表示的动作发生时间的先后关系，对先发生的动作可以用完成时态表示，但也可以用一般时态，尤其当一个动作紧跟着另一个动作发生时。
e. g. As soon as the bus stops / has stopped, we will get off.
车一停，我们就下去。
They won’t t off until the snow stops / has stopped .
他们要等雪停了才出发。
After she finishes (has finished ) the letter, She will post it.
她写完信后就去寄。
When he (had ) arrived in London, he nt a telegram to his wife.
他到伦敦后，给他妻子发了份电报。
They (had ) reviewed the lessons before they took the exam.
考试之前他们温习功课。
She went out before I (had )realized what was happening.
我还没意识到发生什么事情她就出去了。
但下列两句仍惯用完成时态：
他一进来就叫他的儿子布朗。
They had not been married for weeks when they started quarrelling with each other.
他们结婚才几个星期就开始吵架。
二. 瞬时动词与持续性动词
1. 表示同一意义的瞬时动词和持续性动词
瞬时动词表示短暂，非持续性的动作，如come, go start, begin, become, receive, graduate, die, marry , 持续性动词表示可以持续一段时间的动作，如stay, work, learn, live 。常用成对瞬时动词和持续性动词如下例：
瞬时动词：
2. 瞬时动词与持续性动词用于完成时态。
（1）瞬时动词用于现在完成时表示动作的结束。
The manager has just arrived . 经理刚到。
The clock has already struck six. 钟已敲了六点。
The plane has just taken off. 飞机刚起飞。
某些持续性动词用于现在完成时也可以表示结果。
e. g.
We have already learned how to operate the machine.
我们已学会如何操作机器。
I’ve done most of the written exercis.
我已做了大部分书面练习。
He has read almost all the reference books in the school library.
他已读过了学校图书馆中几乎所有的参考书。
（2）持续性动词（不能用瞬时动词）与for ＋时段或since + 某时间表示持续的动作或状态。注意下列各句子中瞬时动词与持续性动词的用法。
不能误认为瞬时动词不能用于现在完成时，只是不能与for＋时段和since 连用表示持续状态。
e. g.
He has left. （正）
他走了。
He has left for ten minutes. （误）
他走十分钟了。
He has been away for ten minutes. （正）
平均数的定义他走十分钟了。
（3）瞬时动词的否定结构表示某动作不发生的状态是可以延续的。
讲道讲章
轻字成语 e. g.
I have not written to him since January .
一月份以来，我没给他写过信。
We haven’t had any tests since school began.
开学以来我们没测验过。
We haven’t met each other for veral years.
我们几年不见了。
（4）since 引导的时间状语从句中多用瞬时动词一般过去时，表示自某动作发生以来。
e. g. Great changes have taken place since the town was liberated.
解放以来城市发生了巨大的变化。
I haven’t played football since I left school.
我毕业后没踢过足球。
He has lived in the building since he came to our college.
英雄人物作文
他到我们学院以来一直住在这幢楼。
但有时也可以用持续性动词一般过去时，应理解为从中句状态的结束。海塔
e. g. Great changes have taken place since he worked in the factory.
自从他离开工厂以来，发生了很大的变化。
It is three months since he was in hospital.
他出院三个月了。
（5）It is +时段＋since …结构中，从句谓语动词多用瞬时动词一般过去时，表示状态持续一段时时间。
e. g. It is two years since he joined the club.
他加入俱乐部两年了。
It is about a year since he became a lawyer.
他当律师将近一年了。
It is ven years since they left the city.
他们离开这个城市七年了。
It is three months since he got married .
中央近义词他结婚三个月了。
3. 瞬时动词与持续性动词用于含till / until 结构
持续性动词用于含till / until 的句子结构中可表示该动作一直延续到某时间终止，而瞬时动词的否定结构用于till / until 句子中表示某动作不发生的状态延续到某时间终止，常常可
以译为某动作“直到……才”发生。
e. g.
二. 动词被动语态
动词语态是表示动词主语与动词所表示的动作之间关系的一种动词形式。动词语态有两
种：主语动态（The Active Voice ）和被动语态（The Passive voice ）。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。
e. g.
1. 被动语态的构成：
被动语态由“助动词 be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。
被动语态常用时态有以下几种：
e. g.
The tables and benches in the garden are made of stones.
