Episode Two | 第二集 | |
PART ONE: PUTTING A PRICE TAG ON LIFE Today, companies and governments often u Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarian logic under the name of “cost-benefit analysis.” Sandel prents some contemporary cas in which cost-benefit analysis was ud to put a dollar value on human life. The cas give ri to veral objections to the utilitarian logic of eking “the greatest good for the greatest number.” Should we always give more weight to the happiness of a majority, even if the majority is cruel or ignoble? Is it possible to sum up and compare all values using a common measure like money? PART TWO: HOW TO MEASURE PLEASURE Sandel introduces J.S. Mill, a utilitarian philosopher who attempts to defend utilitarianism against the objections raid by critics of the doctrine. Mill argues that eking “the greatest good for the greatest number” is compatible with protecting individual rights, and that utilitarianism can make room for a distinction between higher and lower pleasures. Mill’s idea is that the higher pleasure is always the pleasure preferred by a well-informed majority. Sandel tests this theory by playing video clips from three very different forms of entertainment: Shakespeare’s Hamlet, the reality show Fear Factor, and The Simpsons. Students debate which experience provides the higher pleasure, and whether Mill’s defen of utilitarianism is successful. | 第一部分：给生命定一个价格 今天，企业和政府经常在“成本效益分析”的名义下使用杰里米·边沁的功利主义逻辑。桑德尔演示了几个当代的给人的生命定价的成本效益分析案例。这些案例引起了几个对“为最多数人的最大好处”的功利主义逻辑反对的意见。即使多数人是残酷而不光彩的，我们也应该总是更重视多数人的幸福吗？是否可以用通常的尺度比如金钱来汇总和比较所有的价值？ 第二部分：如何测量幸福 荷叶瘦身桑德尔介绍了J.S.穆勒，功利主义哲学家，他试图为功利主义辩护，和该理论的批评者的反对声音对抗。他的论调是“为最多数人的最大好处”是和保护个体权利相兼容的，而且功利主义可以为区别高级的和低级的乐趣提供空间。穆勒的观点是高级的乐趣总是被见多识广的大多数人所喜欢。桑德尔通过播放三种不同形式的视频片段来检验这个理论：莎士比亚的哈姆莱特，恐怖因素真人秀以及辛普森一家，学生们争论哪一种体验提供了更高级的乐趣，以及穆勒的辩护是否是成功的。 | |
| 个人鉴定怎么写 |
Funding for this program is provided by: | 本节目由以下组织 | |
Additional funding provided by: | 信用卡利息多少和以下个人提供赞助 | |
Last time, we argued about the ca of The Queen vs. Dudley & Stephens, | 上次,我们谈到女王诉Dudley和Stephens案件, | |
the lifeboat ca, the ca of cannibalism at a. | 那个救生艇上,海上吃人的案件. | |
And with the arguments about the lifeboat in mind, the arguments for and against what Dudley and Stephens did in mind, | 以及针对这个案件所展开的一些讨论，并列举了Dudley和Stephens没有考虑到的支持和反对的意见。 | |
let's turn back to the philosophy, the utilitarian philosophy of Jeremy Bentham. | 让我们回头来看看Jeremy Bentham的功利主义哲学. | |
Bentham was born in England in 1748. At the age of 12, he went to Oxford. | Bentham于1748年出生于英国.12岁那年,他去了牛津大学. | |
方便面牌子At 15, he went to law school. He was admitted to the Bar at age 19, | 15岁时,他去了法学院.19岁就取得了大律师资格 | |
but he never practiced law. | 但他从来没有从事于法律. | |
Instead, he devoted his life to jurisprudence and moral philosophy. | 珠海免税商场相反,他毕生致力于判例法和道德哲学. | |
Last time, we began to consider Bentham's version of utilitarianism. | 上一次,我们开始思考Bentham版本的功利主义. | |
The main idea is simply stated and it's this: | 人体鲍鱼简单来说其主要思想就是： | |
The highest principle of morality, whether personal or political morality, | 道德的最高原则,无论个人或政治道德, | |
is to maximize the general welfare, or the collective happiness, | 就是将普通人的福利,或集体的幸福最大化, | |
or the overall balance of pleasure over pain;秦汉 | 或在快乐与痛苦的权衡中取得总体优势; | |
in a phra, maximize utility. | 简而言之就是,功利最大化. | |
Bentham arrives at this principle by the following line of reasoning: | Bentham是由如下理由来得出这个原则的： | |
We're all governed by pain and pleasure, | 我们都被痛苦和快乐所控制, | |
they are our sovereign masters, and so any moral system has to take account of them. How best to take account? By maximizing. | 他们是我们的主宰,所以任何道德体系都要考虑到这点. 如何以最优化考虑?通过最大化. | |
And this leads to the principle of the greatest good for the greatest number. | 从此引出的原则就是将最好的东西最大化. | |
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