Unit2
3.Bringing up Children培养孩子
Gerald Mosback Vivienne Mosback
杰拉尔德.莫斯巴克 维维恩.莫斯巴克
伏组词组
It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality. Every experience teaches the child something and the effects are cumulative. „Upbringing‟ is normally ud to refer to the treatment and training of the child within the home. This is cloly related to the treatment and training of the child in school, which is usually distinguished by the term „education‟. In a society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent.
硕市生一个人儿童时代的经历在很大程度上决定了他的性格和未来的个性，这一点是被大家所公认的。童年的每一段经历都会教给孩子一些有价值的东西，并且其效果与日俱增。 “培养”常用来指孩子在家里所受到的待遇和训练；与此相关的是孩子在学校里所受到的待遇和训练，而后者通常用 “教育”这个术语来界定。在我们这个社会中，父母和老师都有责任为孩子的发展
提供机会，这样就使培养和教育有一种相互依赖的关系。
The ideals and practices of child rearing vary form culture to culture. In general, the more rural the community, the more uniform are the customs of child upbringing. In more technologically developed societies, the period of childhood and adolescence tends to be extended over a long time, resulting in more opportunity for education and greater variety in character development.
Early upbringing in the home is naturally affected both by the cultural pattern of the community and by the parent‟s capabilities and their aims and depends not only on upbringing and education but also on the innate abilities of the child. Wild differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children of the same family.
日出简笔画根据文化的差异，抚养孩子的目的和方式也各不相同。一般来说，越是在农村地区，抚养孩子的习俗就越相似。在科技更加发达的社会里，孩子的童年时代和少年时代可能会延长，因此他们受教育的机会就会更多，个性的发展就更具多样化。
在家庭中的早期培养，一方面受到所在社区文化模式的影响，另一方面也受到父母的能力和培养目标的影响，这一切不仅取决于培养和教育，而且还取决于孩子的天性。因此即使在同样家庭里长大的孩子，他们天生的智力和脾性也存在很大的差异。
掉头发是什么原因引起的
什么牌子的羊奶粉好 Parents can ascertain what is normal in physical, mental and social development, by referring to some of the many books bad on scientific knowledge in the areas, or less reliably, since the sample is smaller, by comparing notes with friends and relatives who have children.
鬼节的由来
父母可以依据有关孩子教育方面的科学知识，或许有些是不可靠，通过这些知识来了解孩子的体力和智力以及社会发展的正常状况。家庭教育范围较小，父母还可以与有孩子的朋友和亲戚交换看法。 无往而不胜
Intelligent parents, however, realize that the particular tting of each family is unique, and the can be on rigid general rules. They u general information only as a guide in making decisions and solving problems. For example, they will need specific suggestions for problems such as speech defects or backwardness in learning to walk or control of bodily functions. In the more general n, though, problems of upbringing are recognized to be problems of relationships within the individual family, the first necessity being a cure emotional background with parents who are untied in their attitude to their children.
然而聪明的父母意识到每个家庭的背景各不相同，因此就不应该循规蹈矩。在决定和解决问题时，他们只能把一般规律作为指导。 譬如，在孩子有语言缺陷，学走路障碍或是身体器官失控时，父母就需要使用特殊的暗示来解决这些问题。但从更加普遍的意义上来说，培养孩子的问题就是一个家庭内部的关系问题，其中首要前提是孩子与父母有稳固的情感，他们在对待孩子的态度上必须一致。
All parents have to solve the problems of freedom and discipline. The younger the child, the more readily the mother gives in to his demands to avoid disappointing him. She knows that if his energies are not given an outlet, her child‟s continuing development may be warped. An example of this is the young child‟s need to play with the mud and sand and water. A child must be allowed to enjoy this „messy‟ but tactile stage of discovery before he is ready to go no to the less physical pleasures of toys and books. Similarly, throughout life, each stage depends on the satisfactory completion of the one before.
所有的父母必须解决孩子的自由与纪律的问题。孩子越小，母亲为了不令其感到失望，就越容易对孩子的要求作出让步。因为她知道，如果孩子的精力得不到发泄，那么他持续稳定的发展就会受到影响。小孩子喜欢玩泥巴，沙子和水就说明了这一点。在儿童乐于接受玩具、书本这些脑力活动前，我们必须允许他们从这个 “凌乱”但又是通过触觉去发现的阶段中得到乐趣。同样，在人的一生当中，每个阶段的发展都是依靠前一个阶段的圆满完成。
Where one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible---for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. 卡里莫娃
如果儿童发展的某一个阶段被忽略了，或是没有得到充分的体验，那么他可能就要重返那个阶段以获得那个阶段所应获得的经验。一个好的家庭就会做到这一点。譬如在这类家庭里，无论孩子的年龄有多大，只要他们需要，父母都会为孩子提供玩具小汽车和玩具火车的机会。这个原则实际上是对有发展障碍的儿童进行所有心理治疗的依据，同时也是儿童诊所进行治疗的基础。
The beginnings of discipline are in the nurry. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the word around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himlf to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them.
