CHAPTER I
Introduction
Cognition
The objects of philosophy, it is true, are upon the whole the same as tho of religion. In both the object is Truth.
What is reasonable is actual; and, what is actual is reasonable
In its own field this empirical knowledge may at first give satisfaction; but in two ways it is en to come short. In the first place there is another circle of objects which it do not embrace. The are Freedom, Sprit, and God.
Unless it is a system, a philosophy is not a scientific production. Unsystematic philosophizing can only be expected to give expression to personal peculiarities of mind, and has no principle for the regulation of its contents.
醉步男
Thus philosophy is subdivided into three parts:
1.Logic, the science of the Idea in and for itlf.
海蜇王2.The philosophy of Nature: the science of the Idea in its otherness.
3.The philosophy of Mind: the science of the Idea come back to itlf out of that otherness.
一字不漏>懊丧造句
CHAPTER II
Preliminary Notion
It is true that Logic, being the absolute form of truth, and another name for the very truth itlf, is something more than merely uful. Yet if what is noblest, most liberal and most independent is also most uful, Logic has some claim to the latter character. Its utility must then be estimated at another rate than exerci in thought for the sake of the exerci.
The world of spiritual existences, God himlf, exists in proper truth, only in thought and as thought. If this be so, therefore, thought, far from being a mere thought, is the highest and, in strict accuracy, the solo mode of apprehending the eternal and absolute.
Thought, in short, made itlf a power in the real world, and exercid enormous influence influence.
今年是建党多少年
增肌粉和蛋白粉In earlier days men meant no harm by thinking: they thought away freely and fearlessly. They thought about God, about Nature, and the State; and they felt sure that a knowledge of the truth was obtainable through thought only, and not through the ns or any random ideas or opinions. But while they so thought, the principal ordinances of life began to be riously affected by their conclusions. Thought deprived existing institutions of their force.白孔雀小说
In this point Conception coincides with Understanding: the only distinction being that the latter introduces relations of universial and particular, of cau and effect, and in this way supplies a necessary connection to the isolated ideas of conception; which last has left th
em side by side in its vague mental spaces, connected only by a bare ‘and’
The difference between conception and thought is of special importance: becau philosophy may be said to do nothing but transform conceptions into thoughts, --though it works the further transformation of a mere thought into a notion
Now language is the work of thought:: and hence all that is expresd in language must be universal. What I only mean or suppo is mine: it belongs to me,--this particular individual. But language express nothing but universality; and so I cannot say what I merely mean.
Nor it is unimportant to study thought even as a subjective energy. A detailed analysis of its nature would exhibit rules and laws, a knowledge of which is derived from experience. A treatment of the laws of thought, from this point of view, ud once to form the body of logical science. Of that science Aristotle was the founder.
For instance, we obrve thunder and lightning. The phenomenon is a familiar one, and
we often perceive it. But man is not content with a bare acquaintance, or with the fact as it appears to the ns; he would like to get behind the surface, to know what it is, and to comprehend it.
Into this variety we feel a need of introducing unity: we compare, conquently, and try to find the universal of each single ca.
We said above that, according to the old belief, it was the characteristic right of the mind to know the truth. If this be so, it also implies that everything we know both of outward and inward nature, in one world, the objective world, is in its own lf the same as it is in thought, and that to think is to bring out the truth of our object, be it what it may. The business of philosophy is only to bring into explicit consciousness what the world in all ages has believed about thought. Philosophy therefore advances nothing new; and out prent discussion has led us to a conclusion which agrees with the natural belief of mankind.工作经历英文
