一： Effect of the great depression
It is difficult to measure the human cost of the Great Depression. The material hardships were bad enough. Men and women lived on lean-tos made of scrap wood and metal, and families went without meat and fresh vegetables for months, existing on a diet of soup and beans. The psychological burden was even greater: Americans suffered through year after year of grinding poverty with no letup in sight. The unemployed stood in line for hours waiting for relief checks, veterans sold apples or pencils on street corners, their manhood ---once prized sp highly by the nation ---now in question. People left the city for the countryside but found no salvation on the farm. Crops rotted in the fields becau prices were too low to make harvesting worthwhile; sheriffs fended off angry crowds as banks foreclod long overdue mortgages on once prosperous farms.
洗洗衣机>野钓鲫鱼的方法Few escaped the suffering. African Americans who had left the poverty of the rural South for factory jobs in the North were among the first to be laid off. Mexican Americans, who had flowed in to replace European immigrants, met with competition from angry citizens,
now willing to do stoop labor in the fields and work as track layers on the railroads. Immigration officials ud technicalities to halt the flow across the Rio Drande and even to rever it; nearly a half million Mexicans were deported in the 1930s, including families with children born in the United States.
干海带丝
今世的五百次回眸 The poor --- black, brown, and white---survived becau they knew better than most Americans how to exist in poverty. They stayed in bed in cold weather, both to keep warm and to avoid unnecessary burning up of calories; they patched their shoes with pieces of rubber from discarded tires, heated only the kitchens of their homes, and ate scraps of food that others would reject.
The middle class, which had always lived with high expectations, was hit hard. Professionals and white-collar workers refud to ask for charity even while their families went without food ; one New York dentist and his wife turned on the gas and left a note saying ,"We want to get out of the way before we are forced to accept relief money ." people who fell behind in their mortgage payments lost their homes and them faced evicti
巧克力娃娃on when they could not pay the rent. Health care declined. Middle-class people stopped going to doctors and dentists regularly, unable to make the required cash payment in advance for rvices rendered.
Even the well-to-do were affected, giving up many of their former luxuries and weighed down with guilt as they watched former friends and business associations join the ranks of the impoverished. "my father lost everything in the Depression "becau an all-too-familiar refrain among young people who dropped out of college.
Many Americans sought escape in movement. Men, boys, and some women, rode the rails in arch of jobs, hopping freights to move south in the winter or west in the summer. On the Missouri Pacific al夜雨诗意one, the number of vagrants incread form just over 13,000 in 1929 to nearly 200,000 in 1931. One town in the Southwest hired special policemen to keep vagrants form leaving the box cars. Tho who became tramps had to keep on the move, but they did find a n of community in the hobo jungles that sprang up along the major railroad routes . Here a man could find a place to eat and sleep, and p
eople with whom to share his miry . Louis Banks, a black veteran , told interviewer Studs Terkel what the informal camps ere like:
Black and white, it didn't make any difference who you are,'cau everybody was poor. All friendly, sleep in a jungle .We ud to take a big pot and cook food, cabbage, meat and beans all together. We all t together, we made a tent. Twenty-five or thirty would be out on the side of the rail, white and colored: They didn't have no mothers or sisters ,they didn't have no home ,they were dirty ,they had overalls on, they didn't have no food ,they didn't have anything.
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二：The U.S.-Europe Divide
President Bush is making a noble effort to pull together the fraying alliance, but the fact is Europeans and Americans no longer share a common view of the world. On the all-important question of power-the utility of power, the morality of power- they have parted ways. Europeans believe they are moving beyond power into a lf-contained world of laws and rules and transnational negotiation and cooperation. Europe itlf has entered a
post-historical paradi, the realization of Immanuel Kant’s “Perpetual Peace”. The United States, meanwhile, remains mired in history, exercising power in the anarchic Hobbesian world where international rules are unreliable and where curity and the promotion of a liberal order still depend on the posssion and u of military might. This is why, on major strategic and international questions today, Americans are from Mars and Europeans are from Venus: They agree on little and understand on another less and less.
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