Technology Remakes the Schools
Howard Gardner
孕妇可以吃甘草吗Technology has revolutionized the world in which schools operate. Now it’s time for educators to catch up to change.
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1. A human being miraculously transported from 1900 to our time would recognize much of what goes on in today’s classrooms — the prevalent lecturing, the emphasis on drill, the decontextualized materials and activities ranging from banal readers to weekly spelling tests. With the possible exception of the church, few institutions have changed as little in fundamental ways as tho charged with the formal education of the next generation.
2. Contrast this continuity with children’s experiences outside the school walls. In modern s
ociety children have access to a range of media that would have emed miraculous in an earlier era (and that still astonishes members of less industrialized societies): television, cellular phones, personal computers with CD-ROMs, fax machines, videodiscs, personal stereos, and still and video cameras.
功率的单位是什么3. The visitor from the past who would readily recognize today’s classroom would have trouble relating to the out-of-school world of a modern 10-year-old. I confess that I often experience such difficulties mylf.
4. Schools — if not education generally — are inherently conrvative institutions. In large measure, I would defend this conrvatism. But changes in our world are so rapid and so decisive that it will not be possible for schools to remain as they were or simply to introduce a few superficial adjustments. Indeed, if schools do not change rapidly and radically, they are likely to be replaced by other, more responsive (though perhaps less comfortable and less legitimate) institutions.
5. The most important technological event of our time is the ascendancy of the computer.
Computers already play a prominent role in many aspects of our lives, from transportation communication to personal bookkeeping and entertainment. Scarcely oblivious to the trends, many schools now have computers and networking capabilities. To some extent, the technological appurtenances have been absorbed into the life of the school, though often they simply deliver the old lessons in a more convenient and efficient format.
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6. In the future, however, education will be organized largely around the computer. Computers will permit a degree of individualization—personalized coaching or tutoring — which in the past was available only to the rich. All students may receive a curriculum tailored to their needs, learning style, pace and profile of mastery, and record of success with earlier materials and lessons. Indeed, computer technology permits us to realize, for the first time, progressive educational ideas of “personalization” and “active, hands-on learning” for students all over the world.
7. Computer technology puts all the information in the world at one’s fingertips, quite liter
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清的近义词ally. This is both a blessing and a cur. No longer do we have to spend long periods of time hunting down a source or a person — the can be found instantaneously. Soon we will not even have to type in an instruction in order to learn the capital of Montana, the population of Korea, or Ohm’s law; we will be able to simply ask a question out loud and the computer will print out or speak the answer. Thus people will achieve instant “cultural literacy”.
8. Less happily, the internet has no means of quality control; “anyone can play”. Information and disinformation commingle comfortably and, as of yet, there are no reliable ways to distinguish n from distortions and downright nonn on the Net. Ethnographer Sherry Turkle tells about the young child who insists that “there are always riots when taxes go up” becau that is the common wisdom embedded in the widely available game program, Sim City. Identifying the true, the beautiful, and the good — and which of the truths, beauties, or goods are worth knowing — constitutes a formidable challenge.
9. It might be said, in respon, that the world has always been filled with misinformation. True enough, but in the past educational authorities could at least choo their favorite texts (and proscribe others). Today’s situation, with everyone having instant access to millions of sources, is unprecedented.
10. Artificial intelligence and virtual reality are two computer-related technologies that may cast a large shadow on education. Much of school planning may be done not by human agents but by programs created by human agents; and much of what was once accomplished by textbooks and occasional field trips will now be performed in virtual reality. One can ask: what is the truth value of materials prepared entirely by nonhuman entities?
四季养生茶11. In a turnabout from previous trends, the acquisition of credentials from accredited institutions may become less important. Individuals will be able to educate themlves (largely if not wholly) and to exhibit their mastery in a simulated tting. Why pay $120,000 to go to law school, if one can “read law” as in earlier times and then demonstr
ate one’s legal skills via computer simulation? Or learn to fly a plane or conduct neurosurgery by similar means, for that matter?
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