欧洲文化入门名词解释51：
1． Pax Romana：In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax Romana
2． The New Testament名词解释
The Bible was divided into two ctions：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.
3．Pentateuch名词解释：The Old Testament consists of 39 books，the oldest and most important of which are the first five books，called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis (创世记)，Exodus (出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers (逃亡记)，Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。
4．Genesis名词解释Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch，it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people，including the origin of the world and of man， the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joph.
5．The Historical Books was divided into ven ctions：
①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings
⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah. 6．the Middle ages名词解释
In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
The middle ages is so called becau it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)，from the 5th century to 15th century.
The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages，between ancient times and modern times.
7. Feudalism名词解释Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military rvice (军事力量)。The word “feudalism” was derived (来源) from the Latin “feudum”， a grant (许可的) of land.毫不畏惧的意思
8. code of chivalry (骑士制度)名词解释
As a knight，he were pledged to protect the weak，to fight for the church， to be loyal to his lord a
nd to respect women of noble birth. The rules were known as code of chivalry， from which the western idea of good manners developed.
9．Gothic名词解释① The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.
钙片不能和什么一起吃 ② It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and， in some areas， into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.
怎么制作目录 ③ The Gothic was an outgrowth (丰富与发展) of the Romanesque.(罗马式)
10．The Canterbury Tales：
① The Canterbury Tales was written by Chaucer.
②Chaucer introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative ver.(压头韵)
③ Both Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales are the best reprentative of the middle Engli Renaissance名词解释
11． 文艺复兴Generally speaking，Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival (复兴)， specifically in this period of history， revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance， in esnce (从实质上讲)，was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts (试图) to get rid of conrvatism (保守主义思想) in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expresd the interests of the rising bourgeoisie (资产阶级)， to lift the restrictions (禁忌) in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.(权利威信)
Generally speaking， Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century.
Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings，sculpture (雕塑) and architecture. 最早开始于painting
Florence was the golden city which gave girth to a whole generation of poets， scholars， artists and sculptors (雕塑家)。
12．Renaissance Art名词解释
A radical (根本的) break with medieval (中古的) methods of reprenting the visible (可见的) world occurred (发生) in Italy during the
cond half of the 13th century. It was not until the cond decade (十年) of the 15th century that there was a decided break with the medieval pictorial tradition (田园式风格)。
13．Reformation名词解释The Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as (同时) a socio-political (社会政治) movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg (机智) his 95 thesis (论题)。 This movement which swept over (席卷了) the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing (反对) the absolute authority (权威) of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing (代替) it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists (改革者) engaged (使用) themlves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues. 宗教改革的实质是：反对罗马天主教，直接形式是用母语翻译圣经
14． Calvinism名词解释Calvinism was established by Calvin in the period of Renaissance. Presbyterian government (长老会)。Only tho specially elected by God can be saved (上帝的选民) . This belief rves so well to help the rising bourgeoisie on its path (有助于资本主义的兴起)。15．Counter-Reformation (反宗教改革)名词解释
By late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control over the church in Germany.
空谷足音的意思The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle (坐以待毙)。They mustered (召集) their forces， the d
edicated (专用的) Catholic groups， to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements (改良)，to bring back its vitality (活力)。This recovery of power is often called by historians the Counter-Reformation.
16．the laws of gravitation (万有引力的内容)：
the sun， the moon， the earth， the planets， and all the other bodies (天体) in the univer move in accordance with the same basic force， which is call gravitation.
17．演绎方法Inductive method名词解释
Inductive method was established by Francis Bacon in 17th century. Induction means reasoning (推理) from particular facts or individual cas to a general conclusion.(从特殊推一般)。Induction was put over against Deductive method.
18、洛克A ll our ideas are ultimately (最后) derived from nsation (感受) or from reflection (反思) and the two make up experience and all our knowledge springs from experience as well.
19．认知论Theory of Knowledge名词解释简答
Descartes employed (使用) methodic doubt (置疑方法论) with a view to discovering whether there was any indubitable (不容置疑的) truth. I doubt， therefore I think： I think， therefore I am. Doubting is thinking，thinking is the esnce of the mind (精髓所在)。Descartes believed that they are not dependable. (置疑是不可*的)
20、Descartes‘s Dualism 二元论
①Thought (思维) was the foundation of all knowledge (认知) while the ns might deceive (欺骗) us. This is idealist. (唯心主义者)
② The external (外部) world existed (存在)， which was independent (无关) of the human mind. This is materialist. (不以人的意识为转移)
21. Classicism (新古典主义)名词解释如何做红烧牛肉
Classicism implies (意味着) the revival (复苏) of the forms and traditions of the ancient world，a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival (并非古典主义的复苏)。It intended to produce a literature，French to the core (以法语为中心)，which was worthy of (与…相媲美) Greek a
nd classical ideals. This neoclassicism (新古典主义) reached its climax in France in the 17th century. (代表：莫里哀和德国的歌德？席勒)
22. Rationalism (理性主义)was believed to be able to discover the best principles (原则) of human conduct (行为) and the universal (通用的) principles of natural laws. Here Descartes provided (提供的) the philosophical foundation for the French neoclassicism.(新古典主义) 23．Baroque Art名词解释承上启下的(法国新古典主义时期重要的)艺术形式
Baroque Art，flourished first in Italy，and then spread to Spain，Portugal， France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands (荷兰) in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity (强烈的艺术性) and ntimental appeal (哀婉的格调) with a lot of emphasis on light and colour. (强烈的明暗对比)
24．启蒙运动Enlightenment名词解释简答：
Enlightement was an intellectual (知识分子) movement originating in France， which attracted (吸引) widespread (普遍的) support (支持) among the ruling (统治阶级) and intellectural class of Europe and North America in the cond half of the 18th century. It characterizes the efforts (作用) by
certain European writers to u critical reason (批评推理) to free minds from prejudice (偏见)，unexamined authority (权威) and oppression (压迫) by Church or State (国家政权)。Therefore the Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason (理智的年代)。
25．(三权分立理论) The theory of the paration of powers was put forward by Montesquieu in his work The Spirit of the Laws. He believed that the legislative (立法)， executive (行政) and judicial (司法) powers must be confided (托付) to different individuals，acting independently. (独立的行为)
The theory of the paration of powers was accepted by the U.S. Constitution.(三权分立的思想被美国宪法所接受)
未来的中国
27．The Musical Enlightenment (音乐启蒙运动)名词解释By the beginning of the 18th century the art of creating music had become almost entirely (完全) rationalized (理性化)。 It came to its richest fruition (高潮) in the works of Bach (巴赫) and Handel (亨德尔)。 Bach and Handel reprented a trend (趋势) towards greater regularity (规律性) of style in the clearly defined types and forms，in a ries (系列) of standardized formulas (公式)。
28．Romanticism名词解释
人保车险续保Romanticism was a movement in literature， philosophy， music and art which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Starting from the ideas of Rousau in France and from the Storm and Stress movement (狂飙运动) in Germany. Romanticism emphasized individual values and aspirations (灵感) above tho of society. As a reaction (反应) to the industrial revolution (工业革命)，it looked to (承上启下) the Middle Ages and to direct contact with nature (与大自然的直接接触) for inspiration (灵感)。Romanticism gave impetus (动力支持) to the national liberation movement (民族解放运动) in 19th century Europe.
29．Byronic hero名词解释
Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. The Byronic hero is characterized by bravery and hard working spirit， such as Don Juan as the best reprentative of the Byronic hero.
30．Romantic Music浪漫主义音乐名词解释承前启后的年代音乐家是重点
The Romantic Movement in music dominated (统治) the period about
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