Title:
How are Cooperative Principle and Politeness Principle similar and different?
入学心得
两项原则是
Two Principles:
Pragmatics is a comparatively new branch of study in the area of linguistics. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language u ntences to effect successful communication. It deals with how utterances have meanings in situations. Studying pragmatics is very important. It enables us to understand what the nature of language itlf is and how language is ud in communication.
In order to create an effective conversation, people do follow some principles during their conversation. As follows:
乐呼a. J. Austin: Speech Act Theory（言语行为理论）
b. P. Grice: Cooperative Principle（合作原则）
c. G. Leech: Politeness Principle （礼貌原则）
d. Sperber and Wilson: Relevance Theory（关联理论）
And the Cooperative Principle (CP) and Politeness Principle (PP) are among tho most familiar ones.
哲学家对语言的兴趣源于他们对语言逻辑的研究。他们发现严密的形式逻辑不能完全结实自然语言，自然语言似乎具有它自己不合乎形式逻辑的“逻辑”：
合作原则是什么：
The Cooperative Principle (CP)
We know that quite often a speaker can mean a lot more than what is said. The problem is to explain how the speaker can manage to convey more than what is said and how the hearer can arrive at the speaker’s meaning. H.P. Grice believes that there must be some 那天我回家晚了作文
mechanisms governing the production comprehension of the utterances. He suggests that there is a t of assumptions guiding the conduct of conversation. This is what he calls the Cooperative Principle (CP). The CP means that we should say what is true in a clear and relevant manner.
To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:
The maxim of quantity
The maxim of quality
The maxim of relation
The maxim of manner
为了更有效更成功地完成交流活动，在会话中，人们通常会遵循一些特定的准则。进行对话，参与者必须首先有意愿去合作，否则，会话将难以进行下去。Grice将这个准则叫做合作原则(Cooperative Principle)。指交谈双方在会话中所贯彻的尊重对方、维护友好的原则
主要包括四大准则：数量准则、质量准则、关联准则、方式准则。
礼貌原则是什么：
The Politeness Principle (PP)
The principle of politeness can explain the phenomenon of cooperation principle from another perspective.
CP maxim can be violated for various reasons. For example, the speaker wants to mislead the hearer, that is, to lie, or the speaker does not posss the adequate amount of information he is expected to provide, or the speaker simply does not want to go on with the conversation. Then we can u PP to explain. PP focus on how to u communicative strategies to maintain or to promote interpersonal harmony during the cour of communication.
然而，仅合作原则却并不能完全解释人们是如何进行会话的。它解释了会话含义是如何产生的，却并没有告诉我们为什么人们总是不直接说出他们想要表达的意思。Leech提出的有女如云
礼貌原则能够从另一个不同的角度解释合作原则所不能解释的现象。
主要包括：得体准则、慷慨准则、赞誉准则、谦虚准则、一致准则、同情准则。
相同点是什么：
Similarity
CP and PP have the same purpo.
别了语文课There’s no doubt that Grice’s Cooperative Principle and Leech’s Politeness Principle are two major principles that guide the ways people communicate with each other.
名菜
So long as we combine the CP with the PP properly, we can go on quite well with our communication and achieve the mutual understanding and realize the mutual cooperation desire. Here are examples:
A: Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?
B: I’d like to锦麟天地, but I have something urgent to do tonight.
A: Mr. White, I have a flat tire .Could you give me a hand?
B: I’m very sorry, but you e, I’m very busy now.
“I’d like to，but…” follows PP. And the following ntence follows the maxim of quality of CP.
在言语交际中，交际双方的合作非常重要。常言说的“酒逢知己千杯少，话不投机半句多”就是说双方必须有着良好的交际愿望，这样才能彼此默契，言语交际才能顺利进行。在非常成功而又顺利地交谈中“合作原则”和“礼貌原则”会同时出现。例如：
在这句对话中“”是很礼貌的用法，遵循了礼貌原则里面的一致准则，之后的那句话遵循了合作原则里的真实准则。这两个原则的同时应用既准确又委婉地表达了自己的想法，使双方都不至于尴尬。再如： 4级考试时间
不同点是什么：
Differentia
In certain circumstances, PP takes the back at to CP. For example, if I tell you the truth,
I won’t be polite and if I want to be polite, I can’t tell you the truth. What we do under the circumstances is that we tend to strike a balance betweem the two—express some polite beliefs and then tell the truth in very soft, gentle words. Here are some examples that follow PP but violate PP.
1.Violate the maxim of quantity.
A：We’ll all miss Bill and Mary, won’t we?
B：Well, we’ll all miss Bill.
B answered A’s question in the same attitude. But B only mentioned Bill without Mary.
2. Violate the maxim of quality.
