舜文中学>出租合同范本Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering B 6 (2017) 425-430
doi:10.17265/2162-5263/2017.08.003
Evaluating Climate Change Effects on Natural Resources Using Remote Sensing Technologies: A Ca of Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve, Kisarawe in Tanzania
Martine Hagai
Department of Geospatial Science and Technology, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam 35176, Tanzania
Abstract: Poor countries are prone to climate change effects due to lack of mechanisms to mitigation. As such, they are most vulnerable to effects of climate changes which are floods, drought, deforestation, environmental degradation and so on. Many of affected communities particularly in rural areas and urban poor have resorted to migration to viable agricultural lands and urban areas increasing pressure on available social rvices. This situation has led to depletion of natural resources in the fringes of the cities in arch for shelter, food, water, energy etc.. Dar es Salaam city is highly prone to environmental degradation by being highly populated and clor to the Kazimzumbwi Forest National Rerve, which has been a resource of logging at the gui of sustainable livelihood of
Dar es Salaam city residents. This paper is reporting on a study undertaken in ENVI & ARCGIS software environment to evaluate the extent of environmental degradation in the forest rerve for the period of 16 1995-2011, firstly, for purpo of informing policy makers and administrators to determine the extent of the problem and condly to provide evidence for development of effective mitigation measures. Results revealed a considerable environmental degradation within the forest rerve over the study period. This was attested by a decrea of forests by 42%, grass land, as well as increa of bare land and grass land by 26% and 42% respectively. This is a testimony that there was a significant environmental degradation and loss of natural resources during the study period which should be addresd by relevant authorities.
西红柿鸡蛋汤面条Key words: Climate change, environmental degradation, image classification, change detection.德国海外购物网站
1. Introduction
Climate change is a global phenomenon threatening livelihood of mankind; ironically it is caud by activities supporting mankind’s existence and prosperity. The root cau of climate change is lack of natural balance of GHG (Green Hou Gas) effectively and CO2 between the atmosphere and the earth. Whereas human activities such as deforestation, burning of fossil fuels from vehicles, plane tr
avel, heavy industries are some of the activities which are acknowledged to catalyze climate change by emission of carbon dioxide; forests and vegetation in general
Corresponding author: Martine Hagai, Ph.D., rearch fields: geoinformatics, remote nsing and GIS (Geographic Information Systems). u carbon dioxide in photo synthesis and plant respiration.
As such, forests play a double role in the carbon dioxide equilibrium, firstly, as rervoirs of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and condly as generators of carbon dioxide when they are cut [1]. The major rervoirs of carbon include the oceans, the soils and the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide naturally, flows from one rervoir to another, over time, ranging from days to decades as noted by Pearson, T., et al. [2].
The carbon cycle helps to regulate the amount of CO2 prent in the atmosphere, and therefore a major component of climate system stability. Specifically, when fossil fuels are burnt, they upt the natural
balance of GHG in the atmosphere, leading to
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Evaluating Climate Change Effects on Natural Resources Using Remote Sensing Technologies: A Ca of Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve, Kisarawe in Tanzania
426
depletion of ozone layer which protects the earth’s surface from low wave length ultraviolet radiation from the sun.
Burning of fossil fuels is also responsible for accumulation of other methane which tends to tap longer wavelength radiations emitted from the earth’s surface. Conquently, the earth receives radiations from the sun coupled with incread GHG from the atmosphere, causing global, temperature changes which results in variations in weather systems, melting of perma frost, a rising and so on as obrved by Lillesand, T. T. and Kiefer, R. W. [3] and Nelson, R. and Holben, B. [4].
The primary adver effect of climate change is altering the complex web like system that allows life
to thrive on the earth, thus affecting normalcy of cloud cover, rainfall availability, wind patterns, distribution of plants and animal species, leading to effects of floods, drought, famine, etc..
Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve in Kisarawe district in Tanzania is endowed with a myriad of natural resources, including but not limited to forests, fauna and flora. The resources are susceptible to climate changes which put them to risk of extinction in the cau of sustaining livelihoods of people in the proximity of the forest rerve.
2. Problem Statement
As populations increa and national economies continue to move away from agriculture bad systems, cities grow and urban sprawl. Urban sprawl often infringes upon viable agricultural land or production forest land neither of which can resist nor deflect the overwhelming urbanization momentum; as such, it results in degradation of the environment and deforestation [5], which particularly in developing countries is not well controlled due to limited knowledge and skills. This has an effect of disturbing the carbon dioxide equilibrium, resulting in polluting the environment. It is estimated that deforestation in Tanzania alone stood at 112,000 hectares per annum in 2009. This is an alarming rate which cannot be tolerated, as such, it has to be reverd to save the environ
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ment and the earth in general. However, reversing this trend requires quantitative data from which to design evidenced strategies that are designed to effectively curb or control it.
This paper is reporting on results of a study undertaken to quantify the extent of degradation that had taken place in Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve in the period of 16 years effectively 1995 to 2011, for purpo of influencing policy intervention to control the situation.
3. Location of the Study Area
Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve is situated in the Pugu Hills, approximately 20 km south-west of Dar es Salaam city in Tanzania; it is within 1 km of Pugu Forest Rerve (24 km2) as en in Fig. 1. Together the two rerves form part of what was once a large forest block extending to within 10 km of Dar es Salaam. The TAZARA (Tanzania Zambia Railway) line goes through the rerve, through a nearby station Vigama on the western edge of the rerve.
4. Methodology
The study was bad on multi-temporal satellite image analysis; Satellite images ud were Landsat TM, all with cloud cover less than 10%. The images were pre-procesd to remove radiometric and 钳子简笔画
geometric errors prior to further processing [6]. The images were classified using ENVI software and post processing was done using ARCGIS.
5. Results and Analysis
Four land cover maps of the covering the forest rerve for the years 1995, 2000 2009 & 2011 were generated. Typical class prevalent in the forest were found to be forest, shrubs, grass land and bare land. The results are as shown in Figs. 2-5.
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427 Evaluating Climate Change Effects on Natural Resources Using Remote Sensing Technologies: A Ca
of Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve, Kisarawe in Tanzania
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Fig. 1 Location sketch of Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve.
Evaluating Climate Change Effects on Natural Resources Using Remote Sensing Technologies: A Ca of Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve, Kisarawe in Tanzania
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Fig. 2 Land cover map of Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve in 1995.
Fig. 3 Land cover map of Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve in 2000. Fig. 4 Land cover of Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve in 2009.
Fig. 5 Classified image results of 2011.
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Evaluating Climate Change Effects on Natural Resources Using Remote Sensing Technologies: A Ca
of Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve, Kisarawe in Tanzania
429
Table 1 Summary of accuracy asssment of classified
images.
Class Forests
(ha)
Shrubs
(ha)
Bare land
(ha)
Grass
land
(ha)
Overall
accuracy
%
1995 94.90 54.80 77.19 38.33 82.9 2000 398.43 50.63 67.15 87.91 82 2009 96.61 4.10 3.49 73.44 88.3
Table 2 Summary of land cover change from 1995 to 2011.
Forests areas (ha) Bare land
areas (ha)
Shrubs
areas
(ha)
Grass land
areas
(ha)
2000 5,047.67 195.68 149.87 167.513 2009 2,927.65
茶水浇花246.56 50.96 234.478 2011 1,727.31
308.20 16.82 332.958 Average
change (%)
- 42 + 26 - 66 + 42
Fig. 6 Overall land cover change from 1995 to 2011.
5.1 Image Classification Accuracy Asssment Satellite image classification accuracy was performed using the confusion matrix tool. The results are as summarized in Table 1. 5.2 Land Cover Change Detection
Change detection was performed by image differencing so as to asss the extent to which land cover of Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve has changed from 1995 to 2011 (16 years ) as done by Lu, D. [7] and Jenn, J. R. and Toll, D. L. [8]. The results are summarized on the Table 2 and Fig. 6.
6. Conclusions and Recommendations
In overall, the forests rerve have decread by 42%; bare land has incread by 26% whereas shrubs decread by 66% and grass land incread by 42% during the study period.
The results indicate a negative change in the forest resources, which is attributed to climate change effects, as forests are ud to support livelihoods of most Dar es Salaam residents.
The Kazimzumbwi Forest Rerve was declared in 1936 and the government tolerated logging until the 1970s. After that time, human activities were not allowed in the forest rerve. During that time, t
生生不息的近义词he population around the area was small compared to the recent years. The rapid population increa around the area has lead to increasing demand in land for ttlement and agriculture. Agricultural activities involves the cutting down of forests for clearance and trees for construction purpos as well as for firewood ttlements, specifically in construction which involves the u of trees for wood for roofing also in social economic activities such as making of charcoal and firewood for cooking.
Allowing passage of a railway line across the forest rerve also contributed to degrading the environment, as the railway line attracted more population to the area with actions who activities have always been detrimental to the environment.
Therefore, this decrea in dominant species in the rerve specifically forest and the shrubs is a testimony of environmental degradation and the decline of natural resources which collectively affect the entire ecosystem.
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