Immanuel Kant
(1724-1804)
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Immanuel Kant was born in the East Prussian city of K吃喝önigsberg, studied at its university, and worked there as a tutor and professor for more than forty years, never travelling more than fifty miles from home. Although his outward life was one of legendary calm and regularity, Kant's intellectual work easily justified his own claim to have effected a Copernican revolution in philosophy. Beginning with his Inaugural Disrtation (1770) on the difference between right- and left-handed spatial orientations, Kant patiently worked out the most comprehensive and influential philosophical programme of the modern era. His central thesis—that the possibility of human knowledge presuppos the active participation of the human mind—is deceptively simple, but the details of its application are notoriously complex.
kierkegaard nietzsche
Most rearchers believe[weal words] that Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) knew little of the 19th century philosopher Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855).[1][2] Georg Brandes, a Danish philosopher, wrote to Nietzsche in 1888 asking him to study the works of Kierkegaard, to which Nietzsche replied that he would.[3] Nietzsche ems to have been unable to undertake this task before his mental collap in 1889.Both Kierkegaard and Nietzsche, considered precursors to existentialism (or existentialists themlves), criticized the rational, idealistic, and systematic structures of philosophy, writing instead on the importance of the individual and the lf-affirmation of the individual's own values and beliefs. Both philosophers wrote in a fairly unsystematic way and with similar literary style.[1] They attacked what they saw as the detrimental effect of Christendom on the population. Both Kierkegaard and Nietzsche condemned Christian churches for perverting Christianity and straying from the values of Jesus. However, they differ in their view of whether religion can continue to play an important part in an individual's life. Kierkegaard believed that Christian belief and faith is a much more individualistic and per
恢的组词家乡画sonal experience, filled with dread and joy, than is afforded by the comfortable social gathering of Christendom, while Nietzsche believed Christians were attached to Christianity (which Nietzsche saw as a decadent religion) in order to compensate for their individual weakness.怪物大师系列
Plato was a ClassicalGreek philosopher, mathematician, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Along with his mentor, Socrates, and his student,Aristotle, Plato helped to lay the foundations of Western philosophy and science.[3] Plato was originally a student of Socrates, and was as much influenced by his thinking as by his apparently unjust execution.
鹩哥寿命Aquina
Aquinas's ethics are bad on the concept of "first principles of action."[54] In his Summa Theologica, he wrote
“元前明后 Virtue denotes a certain perfection of a power. Now a thing's perfection is considered chiefly in regard to its end. But the end of power is act. Wherefore power is said to be perfect, according as it is determinate to its act. ”
“ Now the object of the theological virtues is God Himlf, Who is the last end of all, as surpassing the knowledge of our reason. On the other hand, the object of the intellectual and moral virtues is something comprehensible to human reason. Wherefore the theological virtues are specifically distinct from the moral and intellectual virtues. ”
草菅人命
Furthermore, Aquinas distinguished four kinds of law: eternal, natural, human, and divine. Eternal law is the decree of God that governs all creation. Natural law is the human "participation" in the eternal law and is discovered by reason.[57] Natural law, of cour, is bad on "first principles":
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“ . . . this is the first precept of the law, that good is to be done and promoted, and evil is to be avoided. All other precepts of the natural law are bad on this . . . ”
Aristotle
Each is believed to be a collection of Aristotle's lecture notes (although authorship of the Magna Moralia is disputed), possibly containing veral different lecture cours, which can be spar and difficult to read.
Some critics consider the Eudemian Ethics to be "less mature," while others, such as Kenny (1978), contend that the Eudemian Ethics is the more mature, and therefore later, work. Books IV-VI of Eudemian Ethics also appear as Books V-VII of Nicomachean Ethics.
Traditionally it was believed that the Nicomachean Ethics and the Eudemian Ethics were either edited by or dedicated to Aristotle's son and pupil Nicomachus and his disciple Eudemus, respectively, although the works themlves do not explain the source of their names. Although Aristotle's father was also called Nicomachus, Aristotle's son was the next leader of Aristotle's school, the Lyceum, and historians therefore consider him to be more likely to have influenced the collection of Aristotle's lecture notes.
