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托福阅读TPO4(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Deer Populations of the Puget Sound
托福阅读原文
拉布拉多智商Two species of deer have been prevalent inthe Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the UnitedStates. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer ofeastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbianwhite-tailed deer, in 印字成语
earlier times was common in the open prairie country; itis now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lowerColumbia River.
Nearly any kind of plant of the forestunderstory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growthof grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer brows on huckleberry,salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weatherfeeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher asons of plantdecay and dormancy? One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urgeto migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation brow areas in summer down to thelowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushyunderstory is expod; also snow and wind bring down leafy
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branches of cedar,hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder.
The numbers of deer have fluctuatedmarkedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The earlyexplorers and ttlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almostin the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famouxplorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouthof the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances.They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the
Rockies and notuntil the cond of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 peoplealive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And whengame moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided toreturn east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early yearsof the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of theHudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas,Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in theanimal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825and his final contact with the fort in 1832. A recent Douglas biographerstates:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around thefort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops."
Reduction in numbers of game should haveboded ill for their survival in later times. A worning of the plight of deerwas to be expected as ttlers encroached on the land, logging, burning, andclearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities,towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further.Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status.But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect.Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of bioticchanges in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early1940s, the state has had more deer tha
n at any other time in its history, thewinter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule andblack-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either x and any ageannually for an indefinite period."
The caus of this population rebound areconquences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves,cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conrvation hasbeen insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of theforests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or bothhave become ideal feeding grounds of deer. In生活英文
addition to finding an increaof suitable brow, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarn, longtimegame biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of brow in the openareas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grownvegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown inclearings.
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托福阅读试题
禾花鲤1.According to paragraph 1, which of thefollowing is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound?哲商小学
A.mity is native to lowlands and marshes.打莲花落
B.it is more cloly related to the muledeer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer.
C.hits has replaced the black-tailed deerin the open prairie.
D.It no longer lives in a particular typeof habitat that it once occupied.
2.It can be inferred from the discussion inparagraph 2 that winter conditions
