1. Introduction
订婚Motivation is one psychological feature which could encourage one employee to do something to achieve a desired goal (Urdan, 2006). To evaluate the principles舍命之交 of motivation and explore how they motive the employees, some theories, including process theory and content theory, have been propod. Two of them, hierarchy of needs propod by Maslow in 1943 and expectancy theory propod by Victor H. Vroom in 1964, will be analyzed in this rearch (Wikipedia, 2012).
In this rearch, the background of two motivation theories will be introduced in advance. Furthermore, in order to analyze the extent to which motivation theory is uful in understanding what motivates people in the job, one questionnaire will be conducted and the data collected from it will be discusd comprehensively. Thirdly, the analysis on the effectiveness of motivation theory would be conducted bad on the data collected from the questionnaire. In this ctor, some theoretical knowledge obtained from the literature would be combined with the analysis. Finally, the conclusions of this rearch would be prented.
2. Background
Brief summary of two theories
(1) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Hierarchy of needs which was propod by Abraham Maslow in 1943 is often prented in the shape of one pyramid, with the most fundamental levels of needs, such as air, water and food, at the bottom and the advanced levels of needs, such as the lf-actualization, at the top (Hasn, 2007). In this pyramid, the needs for food, safety, friendship, esteem, achievement, lf-actualization and so forth, are included (Saeednia, 2011). According to the principles of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if the basic or fundamental needs of the employees’ could not be satisfied, hardly could they pay much attention to the higher levels of needs. In this rearch, the practice of the basic principles of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs would be evaluated.
According to the rearch conducted by Rishi (2008), five sorts of needs are included in the 荷兰猪怎么养Maslow’s一年级数学思维题 hierarchy of needs:
Firstly, physiological needs are the most basic needs, including the food, air, water and so on, which are necessary for human survival (Wu, 2011). Without the factors, the people, including the employees, could not survive.
Secondly, safety needs, including personal curity, financial curity, health and well-being, are important to the people since without a safe environment, hardly could more attention be paid to other matters, such as work, by the people (Williams, 1989)..
Thirdly, love and belonging, which include friendship, intimacy and family, are still very important to some employees, especially tho with higher income and comfortable jobs.
Fourthly, esteem is one factor that consists of lf-respect and lf-esteem. In fact, there are two levels of esteem (Lester, 1990). The first one is the need for status, recognition and the respect from others and the cond one is the need for strength, competence and lf-respect.
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Fifthly, lf-actualization is the highest level of needs. In general, the employees pursuing
this level of needs have obtained the previous needs, such as physiological needs, safety needs, love and esteem needs already (Machin, 2011).
(2) Expectancy theory
Expectancy theory is one motivation theory propod by Victor H. Vroom in 1964. Expectancy theory states that one person makes choices depending on the estimates of the expected outcomes of one given behavior (Kirsch, 1997). Furthermore, three principles and one equation are included in this motivation theory.
助学申请书怎么写Firstly, the opinion that the efforts of one employee would lead to the attainment of desired performance goals is included in this theory. In other word, if one employee could try his/her best to work, the desired performance goals could be achieved certainly.
Secondly, the principles of expectancy theory indicate that one employee would receive relevant reward if the performance expectation of his/her has been achieved.
Thirdly, the value the individual places on the rewards bad on their needs, goals, value
s and sources of m平菇豆腐otivation (James, 1993).
The equation in the expectancy theory is listed as follows:
Motivational Force (MF) = Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence
This equation indicates that the motivational force owns positive correlation with the expectancy, instrumentality and valence (Kirsch, 1997).
Collection of data
In order to evaluate the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and expectancy theory, a questionnaire would be designed and conducted. In this questionnaire, some questions that could evaluate the extent to which motivation theory, especially the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and expectancy theory, has practical relevance for organizations in understanding what and how to motivate the employees would be included (Bryman狐狸英语怎么读, 2008). In addition, the relation between the income and the needs of the employees should be focud on in the evaluation of the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Thirdly, the rel
ation between the performance and awards should be evaluated in the questionnaire. In this aspect, the employees trusting the employers and tho do not trust the employers would be analyzed to explore the relation between award and performance (Harrison, 2012).
