语言学重点总结(总6页)
Chapter 6
Cognition is the mental process or faculty of knowing, including aspects such as awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.
There exist three approaches to the study of language and cognition: the formal approach, the psychological approach and the conceptual approach.too同音词
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入党程序9个流程图The Formal approach basically address the structural patterns exhibited by the overt aspect of linguistic forms, largely abstracted away from or regarded as autonomous from any associated meaning.
The Psychological approach looks at language from the perspective of relatively general cognitive systems ranging from perception, memory, and attention to reasoning.
The conceptual approach 医生日记is concerned with the patterns in which and the process by which conceptual content is organized in language.
Structure will be ud to refer both to patterns and to process, the conceptual approach can more simply be said to address how language structures conceptual content.
分叉尿Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental activities associated with the u of language.
Six aspects of rearch within psycholinguistics: ①Acquisition ②Comprehension ③Production ④Disorders ⑤Language and thought ⑥Neurocognition
Language acquisition: ①Holophrastic stage ②Two-word stage ③Stage of three-word utterances ④Fluent grammatical conversation stage
Connectionism in psycholinguistics claims that readers u the same system of links between spelling units and sound units to generate pronunciations of written words like tove荆门龙泉中学 and to access the pronunciations of familiar words like stove, or words that are exce
ptions to the patterns, like love.
Language comprehension: ①word recognition ②comprehension of ntences ③comprehension of text
Cohort model: the first few phonemes of a spoken word activate a t or cohort of word candidates that are consistent with the input.
Interactive model holds that higher processing levels have a direct, “top-down” influence on lower levels.
The race model does not agree “top-down” effects, it has two routes that race each other----a pre-lexical route, which computes phonological information from the acoustic signal, and a lexical route, in which the phonological information associated with a word becomes available when the word itlf is accesd.
Serial models propo that the ntence comprehension system continually and quentially follows the constraints of a language’s grammar with remarkable speed.
Parallel models emphasize that the comprehension system is nsitive to a vast range of information, including grammatical, lexical and contextual, as well as knowledge of the speaker/writer and of the world in general.
In resonance model, information in long-term memory is automatically activated by the prence of material that apparently bears a rough mantic relation to it.
Language production: ①Access to words ②Generation of ntences ③Written language production
Functional planning process assigns grammatical functions such as subject, verb or direct object.
Positional encoding us the retrieved lexicon-grammar units and the functions they have been assigned to generate syntactic structures that capture the dependencies among constituents and their order.
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档案挂靠Cognitive linguistics is bad on human experiences of the world and the way they per
ceive and conceptualize the world.
Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning, directionality, vantage point, figure-ground gregation etc.
